Domestic Cases
- in India, i.e. the subcontinent, including present Pakistan and Bangladesh, the Muslim Sultans of Delhi, known as Grand Mughals because of their Turkic ancestry tracing back to Genghis Khan, managed to bring most rulers of the so-called princely states, in majority Hindu, under their imperial authority, deservedly expressed by the majestic style of Padshah (like the Ottoman Sultan of Sultans and the Persian Shahanshah, both truly ruling vast Islamic Empires) of Hindus, but after a few generations they lost most of their power over the princes, and could hence rather be considered mere paramount rulers, at best receiving tribute and honorary trappings, while the true political hegemony progressively shifted to the new players, the European colonial powers. After a struggle against the French and their ally, Tippu Sultan (a short while styled Padishah Bahadur of Khudadad, a Muslim state in southern India), the British emerged victorious, mostly in the guise of the Honourable East India Company. Later they encouraged the ruler of Awadh (Oudh) to reject the Mughal's suzerainty and assume the style of Padishah themselves, till the British finally toppled both; still later, the British Crown declared itself, as successors to the Mughal Paramountcy, Emperors of India.
- also in India (proper), the term has been used to describe the Peshwa (though formally prime minister of the Maharaja Chatrapati of Satara who had lost power to him, so not a nominal Head of state) or his constitutional master as hegemon of the Mahratta confederation, which failed in its 'nationalist' bid for control over India against the British Raj
- the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, a Malay title usually translated as "Supreme Head", "Supreme Ruler" or "Paramount Ruler", is the official title of the constitutional head of state of the federal state of Malaysia, elected for five years from among nine monarchs of constitutive states on the Malaysian peninsula.
- analogous is the President, formally elected by the rulers of the member states of the UAE from among their number, de facto hereditary in the person of the Hakim of Abu Dhabi emirate (not unlike the Habsburg emperors in the Holy Roman Empire)
- on the Comoros archipelago, certain rulers of a few major sultanates on Grande Comore have been recognized by the paramount title of Sultani tibe of the island
- in the presently Ghanese realm of * paramount ruler styled Yagbongwura *
Read more about this topic: Paramount Ruler
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