Bio-pacemakers
Bio-pacemakers are the outcome of a rapidly emerging field of research into a replacement for the electronic pacemaker. The bio-pacemaker turns quiescent myocardial cells (e.g. atrial cells) into pacemaker cells. This is achieved by making the cells express a gene which creates a pacemaker current.
|
Cardiovascular system, physiology: cardiovascular physiology
|
|
| Heart |
| Volumes |
- Stroke volume = End-diastolic volume – End-systolic volume
- Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume
- Frank–Starling law of the heart
- Cardiac function curve
- Venous return curve
- Aortic valve area calculation
- Ejection fraction
- Cardiac index
|
|
| Dimensions |
- Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension – End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension
|
|
| Interaction diagrams |
- Cardiac cycle
- Wiggers diagram
- Pressure volume diagram
|
|
| Tropism |
- Chronotropic (Heart rate)
- Dromotropic (Conduction velocity)
- Inotropic (Contractility)
- Bathmotropic (Excitability)
- Lusitropic (Relaxation)
|
|
Conduction system /
Cardiac electrophysiology |
- Cardiac action potential
- Atrial action potential
- Ventricular action potential
- Effective refractory period
- Pacemaker potential
- EKG
- P wave
- PR interval
- QRS complex
- QT interval
- ST segment
- T wave
- U wave
- Hexaxial reference system
|
|
| Chamber pressure |
Central venous pressure/right atrial pressure → Right ventricular pressure → Pulmonary artery pressure → Pulmonary wedge pressure/left atrial pressure → Left ventricular pressure → Aortic pressure
|
|
| Other |
|
|
|
Vascular system/
Hemodynamics |
| Blood flow |
- Compliance
- Vascular resistance
- Total peripheral resistance
- Pulse
- Perfusion
|
|
| Blood pressure |
- Pulse pressure
- Mean arterial pressure
|
|
| Regulation of BP |
- Baroreflex
- Kinin–kallikrein system
- Renin–angiotensin system
- Vasoconstrictors/Vasodilators
- Autoregulation
- Myogenic mechanism
- Tubuloglomerular feedback
- Cerebral autoregulation
- Paraganglia
- Aortic body
- Carotid body
- Glomus cell
|
|
|
|
M: HRT
|
anat/phys/devp
|
noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
|
proc, drug (C1A/1B/1C/1D), blte
|
|
|
M: VAS
|
anat(a:h/u/t/a/l,v:h/u/t/a/l)/phys/devp/cell/prot
|
noco/syva/cong/lyvd/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
|
proc, drug(C2s+n/3/4/5/7/8/9)
|
|
|
|