Alternative Characterizations
In descriptive complexity, P can be described as the problems expressible in FO (LFP), the class of first-order logic with a least fixed point operator added to it. In Immerman's 1999 textbook on descriptive complexity, Immerman ascribes this result to Vardi and to Immerman.
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“It is a secret from nobody that the famous random event is most likely to arise from those parts of the world where the old adage “There is no alternative to victory” retains a high degree of plausibility.”
—Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)