Alternative Characterizations
In descriptive complexity, P can be described as the problems expressible in FO (LFP), the class of first-order logic with a least fixed point operator added to it. In Immerman's 1999 textbook on descriptive complexity, Immerman ascribes this result to Vardi and to Immerman.
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“If you have abandoned one faith, do not abandon all faith. There is always an alternative to the faith we lose. Or is it the same faith under another mask?”
—Graham Greene (1904–1991)