Alternative Characterizations
In descriptive complexity, P can be described as the problems expressible in FO (LFP), the class of first-order logic with a least fixed point operator added to it. In Immerman's 1999 textbook on descriptive complexity, Immerman ascribes this result to Vardi and to Immerman.
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“Education must, then, be not only a transmission of culture but also a provider of alternative views of the world and a strengthener of the will to explore them.”
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