Nilsson is a Swedish surname and the fourth most common surname in Sweden. The name is a patronymic meaning "Nils's son". Nils was a very common name, especially in 19th century Sweden.
Some people named Nilsson:
- Andreas Nilsson (disambiguation)
- Anna Q. Nilsson (1888–1974), a Swedish actor
- Anton Nilson (1887–1989), a Swedish Communist, active in the Russia Revolution
- Aurora Nilsson (1894–1972), a Swedish writer
- Bengt Nilsson (actor) (born 1954), a Swedish actor
- Birgit Nilsson (1918–2005), a Swedish soprano
- Bob Nilsson (born 1960), an Australian minor league and ABL pitcher.
- Cecilia Nilsson (athlete) (born 1979), a Swedish hammer thrower
- Christina Nilsson (1843–1921), a Swedish operatic soprano
- Dave Nilsson (born 1969), an Australian an All-Star baseballer
- Gary Nilsson (born 1963), an Australian minor league and ABL pitcher
- Gunnar Nilsson (1948–1978), a Swedish racing car driver
- Harry Nilsson (1941–1994), an American singer and songwriter, often known simply as Nilsson
- Ida Göthilda Nilsson (1840–1920), a Swedish sculptor
- Joakim Nilsson (disambiguation)
- Kent Nilsson (born 1956), a Swedish ice hockey player
- Lennart Nilsson (born 1922), a Swedish photographer
- Lina Nilsson, a Swedish football player
- Malin Nilsson (born 1973), a Swedish freestyle swimmer
- Magnus Nilsson (chef) (born 1984), a Swedish chef
- Martin P. Nilsson (1874–1967), a Swedish philologist and historian of religion
- Nils Nilsson (disambiguation)
- Robert Nilsson (born 1985), an ice hockey player
- Roland Nilsson (born 1963), a Swedish football player
- Svante Nilsson (regent of Sweden) (1460–1512), a regent of Sweden
- Sven Nilsson (born 1787), a Swedish zoologist and archaeologist
- Tommy Nilsson (born 1960), a Swedish musician