Signs and Symptoms
Nephritic syndrome is characterized by;
- hematuria (blood in the urine), with red blood cell (RBC) casts present in the urine
- proteinuria (protein in the urine) - small amounts of protein are lost in the urine, but this is usually trivial (<3.5 g/day)
- hypertension (high blood pressure)- mild
- uremia - due to retention of waste products
and variable renal insufficiency, with;
- azotemia (elevated blood nitrogen)
- oliguria (low urine output <400 mL/day)
The main features are hypertension and RBC casts. The proteinuria in nephritic syndrome is not usually severe, but may occasionally be heavy enough to be in the range usually found in nephrotic syndrome.
Mnemonic: PHARAOH = Proteinuria, Hematuria, Azotemia, RBC casts, Anti-strep titres (if post-strep), Oliguria, Hypertension
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