Types of Monuments
- Buildings designed as iconic landmarks
- Church monuments to commemorate the dead, above or near their grave, often featuring an effigy
- Cenotaphs and memorials to commemorate the dead, usually war casualties - e.g. Vimy Ridge Memorial and India Gate. A cenotaph is a type of monument intended to honor the dead who are buried elsewhere, such as those killed in a war or disaster.
- Columns, often topped with a statue - e.g. Trajan's Column and Nelson's Column in London
- Grave stones constitute small monuments to the deceased
- Mausoleums and tombs to inter the dead - e.g. the Great Pyramid of Giza and Taj Mahal
- Monoliths erected for religious or commemorative purposes
- Mounds erected to commemorate great leaders or events - e.g. Kościuszko Mound
- Mosque monuments are places of worship that usually feature highly skilled calligraphy and geometric artwork.
- Obelisks usually erected to commemorate great leaders - e.g. the Washington Monument, Monas
- Statues of famous individuals or symbols - e.g. Statue of Liberty
- Temples or religious structures built for pilgrimage, ritual or commemorative purposes - e.g. Borobudur, Kaaba
- Terminating vista, layout design for urban monuments
- Triumphal arches, almost always to commemorate military successes - e.g. the Arch of Constantine
- War memorials
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