The Role of Environmental Factors in The Maintenance of Challenging Behaviours.
Preventing physical restraint usage not only requires staff training programmes in safe usage of methods; but also the development of organisational cultures which actively discourage usage of these methods. Reducing overcrowding and adopting person centred approaches which examine the causes and functions of challenging behaviours and their remediation, are becoming increasingly more commonplace. In some cases restraint usage can exacerbate distress among individuals who may be experiencing post traumatic stress (See Pitonyak, 2004 for examples). Restraint in this context can be construed as a failure of communication between service users and their carers.
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