The five most important regions, collectively often called the "big five", are frequently compared with other European metropolitan areas for investments and market development. They are (from north to south): Hamburg, Berlin, Düsseldorf/Cologne, Frankfurt am Main and Munich. Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) considers Frankfurt and Munich an "α" (Alpha) global city, while the others are considered "β" (Beta) global cities.
Each of them form types of clusters and achieve varying levels of performance in areas such as business activity, human capital, information and technology exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement.
- Frankfurt/Rhine-Main, for its financial economy and human transport
- Berlin, for its political and cultural importance
- Hamburg, for its importance in international shipping
- Munich, for its business, science and technology community
- Düsseldorf/Cologne/Rhine-Ruhr, for its logistics, technology and industry