Measuring Instrument

Measuring Instrument

In the physical sciences, quality assurance, and engineering, measurement is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-world objects and events. Established standard objects and events are used as units, and the process of measurement gives a number relating the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement. Measuring instruments, and formal test methods which define the instrument's use, are the means by which these relations of numbers are obtained. All measuring instruments are subject to varying degrees of instrument error and measurement uncertainty.

Scientists, engineers and other humans use a vast range of instruments to perform their measurements. These instruments may range from simple objects such as rulers and stopwatches to electron microscopes and particle accelerators. Virtual instrumentation is widely used in the development of modern measuring instruments.

Time-points in the past can be measured with respect to the present of an observer. Time-points in the future can be fixed. But there seems to exist no device that can set time to a predetermined value (time machine), like it is possible with other physical quantities (for example: distance or volume). The time-point called present seems to move in one direction only, the future. Entropy production and cause-and-effect observations of events correlate to this observation.

For more information on time, especially standards, also consult the time portal.

• Atomic clock
• Calendar (by counting days)
• Chronometer, Chronograph
• Clock
• Egg timer
• Wall clock
• Hourglass
• Pendulum clock
• Radio clock
• Radiometric dating
• Stopwatch
• Sundial
• Transit telescope
• Water clock

Timeline of time measurement technology

For the ranges of time-values see: Orders of magnitude (time)