Master of Advanced Studies (MAS) in France and Francophone Countries
After the Bologna Process in 2002, the Master of Advanced Studies came into existence. In France it is called a "Master 2" (M2) or based on the goal of the student, more specifically the "Master Recherche" or "Master Professionnel". It is an optional second year added to the pre-Bologna Process maîtrise (originally one-year of study) now called the "Master 1" (M1). Prior to the Bologna Process, France had the diplôme d'études approfondies (DEA) and diplôme d'études superieures spécialisées (DESS). Entry into both degrees required the student to have completed the pre-Bologna Process maîtrise equivalent to a baccalauréat+4-years of higher education. The DEA and DESS was sanctioned as the first of four years of doctoral studies. The DEA required a thesis with a defense and prepared the student for further education (a doctorate). The DESS required an internship with a presentation and prepared the student to enter into a career. The duration of the DEA and DESS were officially one year but often took up to two years, depending on the university requirements—especially with the DEA. The DEA was generally equivalent to the North American "All But Dissertation" or ABD status within a doctoral program or a Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) or Master of Research (M.Res.) degree. In 2006 a French decree on doctoral studies eliminated the DEA and DESS and reduced the doctoral studies from four to three years, moving the first year of the original doctoral studies program to the master's program creating the Master of Advanced Studies (Master 2 (M2)).
The DEA and DESS were offered in many places and may continue to be offered in countries which apply the French university style, sometimes with some minor differences, such as Quebec, Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain, Algeria, Morocco, Lebanon, Tunisia and most Francophone countries.
In the French-speaking universities in Switzerland the DEA, now Master of Advanced Studies was equivalent to the Master's degree in the English-speaking countries, and it was a one to two-year degree taken after a Licence (4-years Swiss graduate degree). It generally consisted of a number of courses, with examinations and grades, followed by research in a scientific laboratory. The students would then write a substantial thesis about the scientific work they did, and defend this thesis in front of a committee. The Master of Advanced Studies remains a common post-graduate degree in Switzerland.
In Europe, the DEA's degrees are progressively subsumed into the Bologna process Master's degrees and research-oriented (Master of Advanced Studies).
Read more about this topic: Master Of Advanced Studies
Famous quotes containing the words master, advanced, studies, france and/or countries:
“There is between sleep and us something like a pact, a treaty with no secret clauses, and according to this convention it is agreed that, far from being a dangerous, bewitching force, sleep will become domesticated and serve as an instrument of our power to act. We surrender to sleep, but in the way that the master entrusts himself to the slave who serves him.”
—Maurice Blanchot (b. 1907)
“Predatory capitalism created a complex industrial system and an advanced technology; it permitted a considerable extension of democratic practice and fostered certain liberal values, but within limits that are now being pressed and must be overcome. It is not a fit system for the mid- twentieth century.”
—Noam Chomsky (b. 1928)
“What an admirable training is science for the more active warfare of life! Indeed, the unchallenged bravery which these studies imply, is far more impressive than the trumpeted valor of the warrior.”
—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)
“The bugle-call to arms again sounded in my war-trained ear, the bayonets gleamed, the sabres clashed, and the Prussian helmets and the eagles of France stood face to face on the borders of the Rhine.... I remembered our own armies, my own war-stricken country and its dead, its widows and orphans, and it nerved me to action for which the physical strength had long ceased to exist, and on the borrowed force of love and memory, I strove with might and main.”
—Clara Barton (1821–1912)
“The contention that a standing army and navy is the best security of peace is about as logical as the claim that the most peaceful citizen is he who goes about heavily armed. The experience of every-day life fully proves that the armed individual is invariably anxious to try his strength. The same is historically true of governments. Really peaceful countries do not waste life and energy in war preparations, with the result that peace is maintained.”
—Emma Goldman (1869–1940)