Lithuanian Grammar - Verbs - Stem Classes - Non-suffixed

Non-suffixed

infinitive present tense past tense meaning
I p. sg. II p. sg. III p. sg., pl. I p. sg. II p. sg. III p. sg., pl.
Consonantal non-palatalized stems (it is palatalized in the form of the present II p., but not in the remaining forms). Sounds of a stem do not change in conjugation, except a common pre-desinential alternation between historically nasal vowels (in the infinitive) and nasal diphthongs.
áugti áugu áugi áuga áugau áugai augo to grow
bė́gti bė́gu bė́gi bė́ga bė́gau bė́gai bė́go to run
šókti šóku šóki šóka šókau šókai šóko to jump, spring, leap; hop in, out; dance
dìrbti dìrbu dìrbi dìrba dìrbau dìrbai dìrbo to work
sė́sti sė́du sė́di sė́da sė́dau sė́dai sė́do to sit down, sit up; mount, get on (car, plain etc.)
grū́sti grū́du grū́di grū́da grū́dau grū́dai grū́do to thrust; hustle; pestle; tamp
žį́sti žìndu žìndi žìnda žìndau žìndai žìndo to suck, nurse (at)
ką́sti kándu kándi kánda kándau kándai kándo to bite
galą́sti galándu galandi galánda galándau galandai galándo to sharpen, hone
lìpti lipù lipì lìpa lipaũ lipaĩ lìpo to mount; tread (on); scale, climb
kìšti kišù kišì kìša kišaũ kišaĩ kìšo to put, slip, poke, stick in
rìsti ritù ritì rìta ritaũ ritaĩ rìto to roll, bowl
sukti suku suki suka sukau sukai suko to turn; bear (to); spin; wrap
supti supu supi supa supau supai supo to swing, sway, rock
lupti lupu lupi lupa lupau lupai lupo to peel; flay; swinge, thrash
skùsti skutù skutì skùta skutaũ skutaĩ skùto to shave; scale, peel, scrape; run fast
There is a frequent verb with a constonant of an end of a stem palatalized in the present tense.
léisti léidžiu leidi leidžia leidau leidai leido to let, allow; spend
Alternation between pre-desinential e of the present tense and i of the other forms. Maybe only when the syllable contains a mixed diphthong (a, e, i, u + sonorant) and it is stressed in the end-firm accent.
sir̃gti sergù sergì ser̃ga sirgaũ sirgaĩ sir̃go to be ill
kirsti kertu kerti kerta kirtau kirtai kirto to cut, fell (by axe); cross, traverse; strike, smite; pitch in (food)
vilkti velku velki velka vilkau vilkai vilko to pull, trail, drag
tilpti telpu telpi telpa tilpau tilpai tilpo to get / have enough of space for oneself: be contained, go into
rinkti renku renki renka rinkau rinkai rinko to pick; collect
lįsti lendu lendi lenda lindau lindai lindo to be getting into / through smth.; make a pass at, intrude, molest, cavil, meddle
A numerous part of the verbs having any of a short vowel – a, e, i, u – in a pre-desinential syllable in infinitive receive n, m (the latter when before p, b) after these vowels in the present.
tàpti tampù tampì tam̃pa tapaũ tapaĩ tãpo to become
rasti randu randi rañda radau radai rãdo to find
gesti gendu gendi genda gedau gedai gedo to deteriorate; decay; spoil; corrupt
tikti tinku tinki tinka tikau tikai tiko to fit
apnikti apninku apninki apninka apnikau apnikai apniko to obsess, crowd in
migti mingu mingi minga migau migai migo to be / start falling asleep
lipti limpu limpi limpa lipau lipai lipo to stick, cling
plisti plintu plinti plinta plitau plitai plito to spread, proliferate, circulate
misti mintu minti minta mitau mitai mito to feed on, fare, live on
kisti kintu kinti kinta kitau kitai kito to mutate; vary
blukti blunku blunki blunka blukau blukai bluko to fade
klupti klumpu klumpi klumpa klupau klupai klupo to stumble
justi juntu junti junta jutau jutai juto to sense, feel
A small group of verbs has to be written with a nosinė in the present.
balti bąlu bąli bąla balau balai balo to become white, to whiten
šalti šąla šąli šąla šalau šalai šalo to freeze; to cool; to feel cold
karti kąra kąri kąra karau karai karo to incline, bow down (hung things, boughs)
For the verbs, that have start-firm accented mixed diphthongs -il-, -ir- in the pre-desinential syllable in the infinitive, the vowel i lengthens and receives the end-firm accent in the present tense, if the syllabe becomes open.
kìlti kylù kyli kỹla kilau kilai kilo to rise; emerge (e.g. question)
dilti dylu dyli dyla dilau dilai dilo to fray, decay, become dull
birti byru byri byra birau birai biro to crumble; fall down (for particles)
irti yru / irstu yri yra irau irai iro to disintegrate, decay, crumble
Cases of alternation between a pre-desinential e of the present tense and i of the other forms in verbs which receive n, m in the present forms. A word likti has i.e. / i alternation. A word kristi can be conjugated both with -en- / -in- in the present tense.
skristi skrendù skrendi skrenda skridau skridai skrido to fly
bristi brendu brendi brenda bridau bridai brido to wade, go on foot through water, grass etc.
kristi krentu /krintu krenti krinta kritau kritai krito to fall
likti lieku lieki lieka likau likai liko to remain
Stems that are palatalized in the past tense.
ėsti ė́du ėdi ėda ė́džiau ėdei ėdė to eat (for animals); eat like an animal; erode
vesti vedù vedi veda vedžiaũ vedei vedė to lead, take smb. to somewhere; marry (for a man; for a woman a word is tekėti, teka, tekėjo)
mèsti metù meti meta mečiau metei metė to throw
vežti vežu veži veža vežiau vežei vežė to carry by means of conveyance, by vehicle
nešti nešu neši neša nešiau nešei nešė to carry (going on foot)
kasti kasu kasi kasa kasiau kasei kasė to dig
lesti lesu lesi lesa lesiau lesei lesė to peck
sekti seku seki seka sekiau sekei sekė to follow; spy (on, upon); tell a tail
kepti kepu kepi kepa kepiau kepei kepė to bake
degti degu degi dega degiau degei degė to be on fire, burn; kiln
megzti mezgu mezgi mezga mezgiau mezgei mezgė to knit
zùiti zujù zuji zuja zujau zujai zujo to pop in and out
kálti kalù kali kala kaliau kalei kalė to hammer, smith, batter; mint; chisel; hit
málti malu Mali mala maliau malei malė to grind, mill
bár̃ti barù bari bara bariau barei barė to scold, trim
A verb pulti has alternation between u in the infinitive and uo in the present and past tenses. Verbs gimti, mirti have the suffix -st- in the present.
pùlti púolu puoli puola púoliau puolei puolė to attack; fling, throw oneself, make a dive
gìmti gìmstu gimsti gimsta gimiaũ gimei gimė to be born, arrive
mir̃ti mìrštu miršti miršta miriaũ mirei mirė to die, stop living
For the verbs of this group that have start-firm accented mixed diphthongs starting in i – im, in, il, ir – in a pre-desinential syllable in the infinitive, the syllable becomes open and a vowel i lengthens (the accent remains start-firm) in the past tense.
pìlti pilù pili pila pýliau pylei pylė to pour (any non solid material); tip
tirti tiriu tiri tiria tyriau tyrei tyrė to investigate; analyse; research
skinti skinu skini skina skyniau skynei skynė to pluck (fruits, flowers etc.)
pinti pinu pini pina pyniau pynei pynė to plait; weave; pleach
trinti trinu trini trina tryniau trynei trynė to rub
minti minu mini mina myniau mynei mynė to step, tread (on); trample; treadle
ginti ginu gini gina gyniau gynei gynė to defend
im̃ti imù imi ima ėmiaũ ėmeĩ ė̃mė to take
There are some verbs having mixed diphthongs in a pre-desinential syllable that have alternation between pre-desinential e of the present tense and i of the other forms. A sound i of a pre-desinential syllable is not lengthened in the past tense. A verb virti has d insterted after -er- in the present tense.
atsimiñti atsìmenu atsimeni atsimena atsìminiau atsiminei atsiminė to remember, recollect
miñti menù meni mena miniaũ minei minė to riddle, ask a riddle
giñti genù geni gena giniau ginei ginė to herd, goad, drive
vìrti vérdu verdi verda viriaũ vireĩ vìrė to boil (figur. as well); cook (by boiling)
Consonantal non-palatalized stems that have suffix -st- in the present. There are many verbs in this group. When the suffix is preceded by d, t of a stem, these consonants merge with s and s remains, when it is preceded by ž, š of a stem, the remaining are stem-ending consonants ž, š.
sprógti sprógstu sprogsti sprógsta sprógau sprogai sprogo to explode, burst; eat (get stomach filled)
plýšti plýštu plyšti plyšta plyšau plyšai plyšo to tear, rip, split; (coll.) get drunk
klysti klystu klysti klysta klydau klydai klydo to mistake, err, be under misapprehension
rūgti rūgstu rūgsti rūgsta rūgau rūgai rūgo to sour, become turned
tolti tolstu tolsti tolsta tolau tolai tolo to become remote, distant, to recede
alkti alkstu alksti alksta alkau alkai alko to become, be hungry; to be short of food
pažìnti pažį́stu pažįsti pažįsta pažinaũ pažinai pažino to become familiar, to explore; recognize
pažinoti pažinojau pažinojai pažinojo to know smb., be acquaintance with smb.
pỹkti pykstù pyksti pỹksta pykaũ pykai pyko to be angry, annoyed
nykti nykstu nyksti nyksta nykau nykai nyko to dwindle, wither away, vanish, disappear
rausti raustu rausti rausta raudau raudai raudo to become red, to redden; to blush
brangti brangstu brangsti brangsta brangau brangai brango to become expensive
išsigąsti išsigąstu išsigąsti išsigąsta išsigando išsigandai išsigando to get a scare, fright; to lose courage
vargti vargstu vargsti vargsta vargau vargai vargo to have difficulties doing smth.; be in hardship
širsti širstu širsti širsta širdau širdai širdo to be angry (širdis – heart)
dingti dingstu dingsti dingsta dingau dingai dingo to disappear
klimpti klimpstu klimpsti klimpsta klimpau klimpai klimpo to sink (to viscous material)
drįsti drįstu drįsti drįsta drįsau drįsai drįso to dear
grįžti grįžtu grįžti grįžta grįžau grįžai grįžo to come back, return
A small group of stems ending in ž, š, has to be written with an ogonek in the present.
gesti gęstu gęsti gęsta gesau gesai geso to be stopping (intransitive) shining, burning, working (for light, fire; life; motor)
težti tęžtu tęžti tęžta težau težai težo to become squidgy; wimp out
For a few stems that have short i, u in a pre-desinential syllable, maybe only when it ends in ž, š, the vowels lengthen in the present. For tikšti the forms tykšta and tyška are used in the present tense.
dùžti dū̃žta dùžo to smash, chip
gižti gyžta gižo to sour, become turned (figur. as well)
tikšti tykšta tiško to splash on smth., smb.
tižti tyžta tižo to become squidgy; wimp out
ižti yžta ižo to crack (usual for ice)
nižti nyžta nižo to start itching, to itch
Vocalic stems. A consonant n (or j in dialects) is inserted before desinences after a pre-desinential au. The diphthong becomes ov in the past, when start-firm accented. Consonant v is palatalized.
eĩti einù eini eĩna ėjaũ ėjai ė̃jo to go
aũti aunù auni aũna aviaũ avei ãvė to boot, shoe
máuti máunu máuni máuna móviau movei movė to put on, glove, shoe
rauti raunu rauni rauna roviau rovei rovė to tear up
šauti šaunu šauni šauna šoviau šovei šovė to shoot
brautis braunuosi brauniesi braunasi broviausi broveisi brovėsi to intrude; thrust one's way; be breaking in
liautis liaujuosi liaujiesi liaujasi lioviausi lioveisi liovėsi to cease, desist
griauti griaunu griauni griauna grioviau griovei griovė to ruin, demolish; unsettle
Consonant v / n is inserted after ū.
griū̃ti griūvù /-nù griūni griū̃va griuvaũ griuvai griùvo to tumble down, fall down; collapse
žūti žūnu /-vu žūni žūva žuvau žuvai žuvo to perish
pūti pūvu /-nu pūni pūva puvau puvai puvo to rot
siūti siuvu /siūnu siuvi siuva siuvau siuvai siuvo to sew, stitch
gáuti gáunu gauni gauna gavaũ gavai gãvo to get
A consonant j is inserted before desinences after other pre-desinential vowels, diphthong i.e.
móti móju moji moja mójau mojai mojo to motion, wave, sweep
ploti ploju ploji ploja plojau plojai plojo to clap, applaud; flatten; swat
joti joju joji joja jojau jojai jojo to ride on horse
goti goju goji goja gojau gojai gojo (dial.) to go in a hurry
kloti kloju kloji kloja klojau klojai klojo to lay, pave; to tell, report, retail; to make a bed (lovą);
groti groju groji groja grojau grojai grojo to play (musical instrument)
sėti sėju sėji sėja sėjau sėjai sėjo to sow, seed; disseminate
sieti sieju sieji sieja siejau siejai siejo to tie, associate, bond
lieti lieju lieji lieja liejau liejai liejo to pour (liquid); water (plants)
lýti lỹja lijo to rain
gýti gyjù gyji gỹja gijaũ gijai gijo to heal, recover
rýti ryjù ryji ryja rijau rijai rijo to swallow; guttle
výti vejù veji veja vijau vijai vijo to strand, twist; chase
Two verbs have d insterted before the desinences in the present forms.
dúoti dúodu duodi dúoda daviaũ davei davė to give
dė́ti dedù dedi dẽda dėjau dė́jai dėjo to put, lay, set; place
Palatalized consonantal stems. Maybe the most numerous group of non-suffixed verbs.
siẽkti siekiù sieki siẽkia siekiaũ siekei siekė to seek, aim (at, for)
griebti griebiu griebi griebia griebiau griebei griebė to grab; snatch
keisti keičiu keiti keičia keičiau keitei keitė to change
braukti braukiu brauki braukia braukiau braukei braukė to wipe, sweep across; line through
rausti rausiu rausi rausia rausiau rausei rausė to trench, burrow
kaupti kaupiu kaupi kaupia kaupiau kaupei kaupė to save up, gather, amass
mer̃kti merkiù merkì mer̃kia merkiaũ merkeĩ mer̃kė to soak, dip
dengti dengiu dengi dengia dengiau dengei dengė to cover
švęsti švenčiu šventi švenčia švenčiau šventei šventė to celebrate
tęsti tęsiu tęsi tęsia tęsiau tęsei tęsė to continue, proceed; drag, carry
čiulpti čiulpiu čiulpi čiulpia čiulpiau čiulpei čiulpė to suck
siųsti siunčiu siunti siunčia siunčiau siuntei siuntė to send
láužti láužiu lauži laužia láužiau laužei laužė to break (transitive)
grėbti grėbiu grėbi grėbia grėbiau grėbei grėbė to rake
grobti grobiu grobi grobia grobiau grobei grobė to plunder; kidnap; usurp, hog
mérkti mérkiu mérki mérkia mérkiau mérkei mérkė to give a wink; to close eyes
melžti melžiu melži melžia melžiau melžei melžė to milk
jùngti jùngiu jungi jungia jungiau jungei jungė to connect, join
skų́sti skùndžiu skundi skundžia skundžiau skundei skundė to tell on; tattle; appeal (against)
When a pre-desinential syllable having mixed diphthong becomes open in the past, its vowel receive a start-firm accent and lengthens (for a, e, besides lengthening, those vowels are of different quality, o, ė) if stressed.
gérti geriu geri geria gė́riau gėrei gėrė to drink
pér̃ti periu peri peria pė́riaũ pėrei pėrė to beat with a leafy, wet birch bunch (in sauna)
kélti keliu keli kelia kėliau kėlei kėlė to raise
rem̃ti remiu remi remia rėmiau rėmei rėmė to prop, bear up; support
kùlti kuliu kuli kulia kū́liau kūlei kūlė to flail
dùrti duriu duri duria dūriau dūrei dūrė to prick, stick
stùmti stumiu stumi stumia stūmiau stūmei stūmė to push, move; thrust, shove; (coll.) grudge
ìrti iriu iri iria ýriau yrei yrė to row, oar
spìrti spiriu spiri spiria spyriau spyrei spyrė to kick; spring back; press (for), push
kárti kariù kari kãria kóriau korei korė to hang over; execute
árti ariù ari ãria ariaũ areĩ ãrė to plough
tar̃ti tariù tari tãria tariaũ tarei tarė to pronounce; assume
Alternation between u, e, a in the present and respectively ū, ė, o (long vowels, historically: ū, ē, ā) in the past. A vowel u is short both in stressed and unstressed position, e, a lengthen and are end-firm accented in stressed position in stem (not in desinence).
pū̃sti pučiù puti pùčia pūčiau pūtei pū̃tė to blow; toot
tū̃pti tupiu tupi tupia tūpiau tūpei tūpė to squat; hunker
drė̃bti drebiu drebi drẽbia drėbiau drėbei drė̃bė to make smth. fall on smth., smb. (for viscous, thick material); sleet; plonk
krė̃sti krečiu kreti krečia krėčiau krėtei krėtė to shake smth. down
plė̃sti plečiu pleti plečia plėčiau plėtei plėtė to expand, widen, amplify
lė̃kti lekiu leki lekia lėkiau lėkei lėkė to scurry, rip along, fly; fly; fall out, fly away
skė̃sti skečiu sketi skečia skėčiau skėtei skėtė to spread, open out (e.g. arms, legs, umbrella)
tė̃kšti teškiu teški teškia tėškiau tėškei tėškė to splash on smth., smb.; slap; slam
võgti vagiu vagi vãgia vogiau vogei vogė to steal

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