List of University of Oxford People in British Public Life - House of Lords and House of Commons

House of Lords and House of Commons

Peers and members of the House of Commons who are better known for their endeavours outside of politics are listed in the appropriate category (e.g. the jurist William Blackstone, cricketer Colin Cowdrey, historian Edward Gibbon, scientists Susan Greenfield and Robert May, physician and journalist Thomas Stuttaford, and philosopher Mary Warnock).


Hereditary peers

In order of precedence. See also Lords of Appeal in Ordinary and other legal peers.

Name College Years at Oxford Notes Ref
Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk Lincoln Earl Marshal of England
Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset Christ Church 1823 Left without taking degree
Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond Christ Church –1839
Henry Somerset, 6th Duke of Beaufort Trinity
Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds Christ Church 1767–1773
William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford Magdalen
William Russell, 8th Duke of Bedford Christ Church
George Russell, 10th Duke of Bedford Balliol
Hastings Russell, 12th Duke of Bedford Balliol 1907–1911
Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire Exeter
George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of Marlborough Christ Church –1786 DCL 1792
George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough Christ Church
John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough Oriel MP 1844–45 and 1847–57, Ld Steward 1866–67, Ld Pres of the Council 1867–68, Ld Lt of Ireland 1876–80, of Oxfordshire 1857–83
James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton Exeter
James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Hamilton Christ Church
James Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton St Mary's Hall
William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton Christ Church
William Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton Christ Church
Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton Balliol
Angus Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton Balliol
William Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch Christ Church
Walter Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch Christ Church
John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch Christ Church
Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch Christ Church 1976 BA President of the National Trust for Scotland, appointed KBE for services to the Millennium Commission
George Murray, 10th Duke of Atholl
James Angus Graham, 7th Duke of Montrose Christ Church
Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
Henry Percy, 11th Duke of Northumberland Christ Church
George Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu The Queen's
James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn Christ Church
James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn Christ Church
Arthur Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington New College
Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos Christ Church
George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham Christ Church
James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury University
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury Christ Church
John Thynne, 4th Marquess of Bath Christ Church
Thomas Thynne, 5th Marquess of Bath Balliol
Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath Christ Church
Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath Christ Church
Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley Christ Church
Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey Christ Church
James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie Christ Church
Basil Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 4th Marquess of Dufferin and Ava Balliol
Sheridan Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 5th Marquess of Dufferin and Ava Christ Church
David Gordon, 4th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair Balliol
Sidney Herbert, 14th Earl of Pembroke Christ Church
William Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon Christ Church
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury Exeter
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury Christ Church
William Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth Christ Church
John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville Christ Church
Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Aylesford Christ Church
Charles Bennet, 6th Earl of Tankerville Christ Church
James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope Trinity
George Waldegrave, 7th Earl Waldegrave Christ Church
Gerard Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth Balliol
Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr Magdalen
James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan Christ Church
Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon Hertford
Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon
Henry Hyde, 4th Earl of Clarendon
George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle Christ Church
William Murray, 8th Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield Christ Church
Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon
James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury
James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury Oriel 1825–1827
David Douglas-Home, 15th Earl of Home Christ Church
James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin Christ Church
Edward Pakenham, 6th Earl of Longford Christ Church
Francis Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford New College and Christ Church
Thomas Pakenham, 8th Earl of Longford Magdalen
William Howard, 8th Earl of Wicklow Magdalen and St Stephen's House
John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare Christ Church
Nathaniel Clements, 2nd Earl of Leitrim Oriel
Du Pre Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon Christ Church
James Alexander, 3rd Earl of Caledon Christ Church
James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon Christ Church
William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel Balliol
Richard Onslow, 5th Earl of Onslow New College
Michael Onslow, 7th Earl of Onslow
Edmond Pery, 5th Earl of Limerick New College
Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto Christ Church
Edward Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans Christ Church
Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp Christ Church
Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe Christ Church
William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst Christ Church
Frederick Campbell, 3rd Earl Cawdor Christ Church
John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley
Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville Christ Church
George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland Christ Church
George Byng, 3rd Earl of Strafford Christ Church
Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning Christ Church
John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley Christ Church
William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne University
Roundell Palmer, 3rd Earl of Selborne University
Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook Christ Church
Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Balliol
John Campbell, 3rd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland Christ Church
Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey University
Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey Balliol
Robert Reid, 1st Earl Loreburn Balliol
Michael Hicks-Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn Christ Church
Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig Brasenose 1880– Qualified for, but did not take, a pass degree
George Haig, 2nd Earl Haig
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton Balliol
F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead Wadham
E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax Christ Church
Alexander Ruthven, 2nd Earl of Gowrie Balliol
A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough Magdalen
William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele New College
Hugh Gough, 3rd Viscount Gough
Hugh Gough, 4th Viscount Gough New College
Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke University and Magdalen
Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons Christ Church
George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen Oriel
Matthew Ridley, 1st Viscount Ridley Balliol
Aretas Akers-Douglas, 1st Viscount Chilston University
George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave St John's
Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford Magdalen
Walter Hume Long, 1st Viscount Long Christ Church
George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie New College
Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood University
Douglas Hogg, 3rd Viscount Hailsham Christ Church
Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe University
Christopher Bathurst, 3rd Viscount Bledisloe Trinity
Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel
John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon Wadham and All Souls
George Lambert, 2nd Viscount Lambert New College
Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford Christ Church
Robert Hudson, 1st Viscount Hudson Magdalen
Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich New College
Osbert Peake, 1st Viscount Ingleby Christ Church
Walter Monckton, 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley Balliol
Derick Heathcoat Amory, 1st Viscount Amory Christ Church
Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton Christ Church
Simon Lennox-Boyd, 2nd Viscount Boyd of Merton Christ Church
David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles New College
Charles Stourton, 26th Baron Mowbray Christ Church
Ralph Stonor, 7th Baron Camoys Balliol
Nathaniel Thomas Allen Fiennes, 21st Baron Saye and Sele New College
John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners
Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow St Edmund Hall
Arthur Stanley, 5th Baron Sheffield and 5th Baron Stanley of Alderley Balliol
Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester Christ Church
Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley Christ Church
Philip Sidney, 1st Baron De L'Isle and Dudley Christ Church
Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian Exeter
Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook Christ Church
Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury Balliol
John Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross
George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale Balliol
Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor New College and St John's
Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington New College and Nuffield
Colin Moynihan, 4th Baron Moynihan University Silver medal 1980 Olympics, MP 1983–92, Minister for Sport 1987–90, Chairman British Olympic Association 2005
James Salter, 1st Baron Salter Brasenose and All Souls
Patrick Spens, 1st Baron Spens New College
Toby Low, 1st Baron Aldington New College
Niall Macpherson, 1st Baron Drumalbyn Trinity
Roger Mellor Makins, 1st Baron Sherfield Christ Church
Christopher James Makins, 2nd Baron Sherfield New College
John Hope, 1st Baron Glendevon Christ Church
Julian John Somerset Hope, 2nd Baron Glendevon Christ Church


MPs and life peers

Excluding any MP who subsequently was created a hereditary peer or succeeded to a hereditary peerage, and also excluding any life peer who was or is simultaneously a hereditary peer, but including MPs who disclaimed a hereditary peerage in order to sit in the House of Commons (between 1963 and 1999) as well as hereditary peers sitting as MPs under the terms of the House of Lords Act 1999.

Name College Years at Oxford Party Notes Ref
Arthur Dyke Acland Christ Church and Keble
Richard Acland Balliol
Jonathan Aitken Christ Church and Wycliffe Hall Conservative
Danny Alexander St Anne's Labour
Michael Alison Wadham
Julian Amery, Baron Amery of Lustleigh Balliol Conservative
Leopold Stennett Amery Balliol and All Souls
Michael Ancram (Michael Kerr, 13th Marquess of Lothian) Christ Church Conservative
William Anstruther-Gray, Baron Kilmany Christ Church
Jeffrey Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare Brasenose Conservative
Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking Magdalen Conservative
Nicholas Baker Conservative
Anthony Barber, Baron Barber Oriel Conservative
Timothy Beaumont, Baron Beaumont of Whitley Christ Church
Alan Beith Balliol and Nuffield Lib Dem
Ronald Bell Magdalen
Tony Benn (formerly 2nd Viscount Stansgate) New College Labour
Reginald Bennett New College
Keith Best Keble
John Biggs-Davison Magdalen
Angela Billingham, Baroness Billingham
Henry Bilson Legge Christ Church
Geoffrey Bing Lincoln
Mark Bonham Carter, Baron Bonham-Carter Balliol
Maurice Bonham Carter
Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby Magdalen Conservative
Tim Boswell New College
John Bowis Brasenose
John Boyd-Carpenter, Baron Boyd-Carpenter Balliol
Edward Boyle, Baron Boyle of Handsworth Christ Church Conservative
Ashley Bramall Magdalen
Gyles Brandreth New College Conservative
Julian Brazier Brasenose Conservative
Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor Balliol
Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville Balliol Conservative
Jock Bruce-Gardyne Magdalen
Chris Bryant Mansfield Labour
Simon Burns Oxford Conservative
Alistair Burt St John's
Kenneth Carlisle Magdalen
Bill Cash Lincoln
Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn St Hugh's Labour
Paul Channon, Baron Kelvedon Christ Church Conservative
Donald Chapman, Baron Northfield Nuffield
Christopher Chataway Magdalen
Hugh Childers
Lord Randolph Churchill Merton
Randolph Churchill Christ Church
James Clappison The Queen's
Alan Clark Christ Church Conservative
George Clarke Brasenose and All Souls
Robert Cooke Christ Church
Jim Cousins New College
Aidan Crawley Trinity
Mary Creagh Pembroke
Julian Critchley Pembroke
Anthony Crosland Trinity Labour
Richard Crossman New College Labour
Petre Crowder Christ Church
Edwina Currie St Anne's Conservative
David Curry Corpus Christi
Horace Plunkett University
Henry d'Avigdor-Goldsmid Balliol
Edward Davey Jesus Lib Dem
Denzil Davies Pembroke
Geraint Davies Jesus Labour
Edmund Dell The Queen's Labour
Douglas Dodds-Parker Magdalen
Stephen Dorrell Brasenose Conservative
James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas Balliol
William Dowdeswell Christ Church
Tom Driberg, Baron Bradwell Christ Church Labour
John Dugdale Christ Church Labour
Edward du Cann St John's Conservative
Philip Dunne Keble
John Eliot Exeter
Peter Emery Oriel
Evelyn Emmet, Baroness Emmet of Amberley Lady Margaret Hall
Derek Enright Wadham
Eric Errington Trinity
Gwynfor Evans St John's
David Faber Balliol
Michael Fabricant
Paul Farrelly St Edmund Hall
Mark Field St Edmund Hall
Nathaniel Fiennes New College
Adrian John Flook
Bernard Floud Wadham
Dingle Foot Balliol Liberal, Labour
Michael Foot Wadham Labour
Gerald Fowler Lincoln
Charles James Fox Hertford
Hugh Fraser Balliol
Peter Fry Worcester
Hugh Gaitskell New College Labour
Tam Galbraith Christ Church
Roy Galley Worcester
Timothy Garden, Baron Garden St Catherine's
Edward Garnier Jesus Conservative
David Gauke St Edmund Hall
Robert Gavron, Baron Gavron St Peter's
Andrew George University Lib Dem
Neil Gerrard Wadham
John Gilbert, Baron Gilbert St John's
Ian Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of Craigmillar Balliol Conservative
David Ginsburg Balliol
Richard Glyn Worcester
Patrick Gordon Walker, Baron Gordon-Walker Christ Church Labour
Bryan Gould Balliol Labour
James Gray Christ Church
Damian Green Balliol Conservative
Nia Griffith Somerville
Joseph Grimond, Baron Grimond Balliol Liberal
John Grogan St John's
Michael Hamilton University
Mark Harper Brasenose
Harwood Harrison Trinity
Alan Haselhurst Oriel
Denis Healey, Baron Healey Balliol Labour
David Heath St John's
David Heathcoat-Amory Christ Church
John Hemming Magdalen
A. P. Herbert New College
Michael Heseltine, Baron Heseltine Pembroke Conservative
Patricia Hewitt Nuffield Labour
John Heydon Stokes The Queen's
John Hill Merton
Keith Hill Corpus Christi
Sarah Hogg, Viscountess Hailsham and Baroness Hogg Lady Margaret Hall
Philip Hollobone Lady Margaret Hall
Richard Holme, Baron Holme of Cheltenham St John's
Peter Hordern Christ Church
Martin Horwood The Queen's
Les Huckfield Keble
Ednyfed Hudson Davies Balliol
Chris Huhne Magdalen Lib Dem First Cabinet Minister in British History to be forced to resign due to criminal proceedings.
George Ward Hunt Christ Church
Nick Hurd
Marmaduke Hussey, Baron Hussey of North Bradley Trinity Conservative
Harry Hylton-Foster Magdalen
Thomas Iremonger Oriel
Henry Ireton Trinity
Arthur Irvine Oriel
Godman Irvine Magdalen
Robert Victor Jackson St Edmund Hall and All Souls
Douglas Jay, Baron Jay New College and All Souls Labour
Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington Somerville Labour
Roy Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead Balliol Labour, Lib Dem
Toby Jessel Balliol
Keith Joseph, Baron Joseph Magdalen and All Souls Conservative
Gerald Kaufman The Queen's Labour
Elaine Kellett-Bowman St Anne's
Anthony Kershaw Balliol
Marcus Kimball, Baron Kimball Trinity
Peter Michael Kirk Trinity
Susan Kramer St Hilda's Lib Dem
Ivan Lawrence Christ Church Conservative
Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby Christ Church Conservative
Hastings Lees-Smith The Queen's
George Cornewall Lewis Christ Church
Martin Linton Pembroke Labour
Marcus Lipton Merton
Evan Luard St Antony's
Ian Lucas New College
Hugh Lucas-Tooth Balliol
Ian MacArthur The Queen's
Andrew McIntosh, Baron McIntosh of Haringey Jesus
John Mackintosh Balliol
Francis McLaren Balliol
Martin McLaren
Robert Maclennan, Baron Maclennan of Rogart Balliol
Denis MacShane Merton Labour
Bryan Magee Keble
Humfrey Malins Brasenose
Joseph Mallalieu Trinity
Peter Mandelson St Catherine's Labour
David Marquand Magdalen, St Antony's, and Mansfield Labour
Gordon Marsden New College and St Antony's
Edmund Marshall Magdalen
Angus Maude, Baron Maude of Stratford-upon-Avon Oriel
Reginald Maudling Merton Conservative
Robin Maxwell-Hyslop Christ Church
Christopher Paget Mayhew, Baron Mayhew Christ Church
Michael Meacher New College Labour
Patrick Mercer Exeter
Anthony Meyer New College Conservative
Stephen Milligan Magdalen
Norman Miscampbell Trinity
Austin Mitchell Nuffield Labour
Rhodri Morgan St John's Labour
Alfred Morris, Baron Morris of Manchester Ruskin and St Catherine's Labour
Frederick William Mulley, Baron Mulley Christ Church
Airey Neave Merton Conservative
Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree Trinity Conservative
Godfrey Nicholson Christ Church
Nigel Nicolson Balliol
Michael Noble, Baron Glenkinglas Magdalen
Steven Norris Worcester
Edward O'Hara Magdalen
Matthew Oakeshott, Baron Oakeshott of Seagrove Bay Nuffield
Arthur Onslow Wadham
Cranley Onslow, Baron Onslow of Woking Oriel
Ian Orr-Ewing, Baron Orr-Ewing Trinity
Graham Page Magdalen
Peter Palumbo, Baron Palumbo Worcester
John Parker St John's
Ben Parkin Lincoln
Christopher Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes Balliol Conservative Governor of Hong Kong 1992–97
Andrew Pelling New College
John Peyton, Baron Peyton of Yeovil Trinity
James Pitman Christ Church
Alexander Pollock Brasenose
Barry Porter
Christopher Price The Queen's
John Profumo Brasenose Liberal
John Pym Broadgates Hall
Giles Radice, Baron Radice Labour
Eleanor Rathbone Somerville
Hugh Reynolds Rathbone Trinity
Tim Rathbone Christ Church
John Redwood Magdalen and All Souls Conservative
Laurance Reed University
Peter Rees, Baron Rees Christ Church
David Rendel Magdalen and St Cross
Tim Renton, Baron Renton of Mount Harry Magdalen
Robert Rhodes James Worcester
Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale Balliol Conservative
Geoffrey Rippon, Baron Rippon of Hexham Brasenose
Andrew Robathan Oriel
Barbara Roche Lady Margaret Hall
John Rodgers
John Roper, Baron Roper Magdalen
Christopher Rowland Corpus Christi
Norman St John-Stevas, Baron St John of Fawsley Christ Church Conservative
Duncan Sandys, Baron Duncan-Sandys Magdalen Conservative
James Scott-Hopkins
Brian Sedgemore Corpus Christi
Gillian Shephard, Baroness Shephard of Northwold St Hilda's Conservative
Siôn Simon Magdalen Labour
George Evelyn Sinclair Pembroke
John Sinclair Trinity
John Smith St John's
John Lindsay Eric Smith New College Conservative
Peter Smithers Magdalen
Harold Soref The Queen's
Frank Soskice, Baron Stow Hill Balliol Labour
Alexander Spearman Hertford
Ivor Stanbrook Pembroke
John Stanley Lincoln
Phyllis Starkey Lady Margaret Hall
Arthur Steel-Maitland Balliol
Martin Stevens Trinity
Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham St John's Labour
John Strachey Magdalen Labour
William Strode Exeter
Shirley Summerskill Somerville
John Sutcliffe New College
Peter Tapsell Merton
Matthew Taylor Lady Margaret Hall Lib Dem
William Teeling Magdalen
Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir Jesus
Jeremy Thorpe Trinity Liberal
John Tilney Magdalen
James Tinn Jesus
Gordon Touche University
Andrew Turner Keble
Stephen Twigg Balliol Labour
Andrew Tyrie Trinity
Edward Vaizey Merton Conservative
William Robert Seymour Vesey-FitzGerald Christ Church and Oriel
David Waddington, Baron Waddington Hertford
William Waldegrave, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill Corpus Christi and All Souls Conservative
Brian Walden The Queen's and Nuffield Labour
David Walder Christ Church
Derek Walker-Smith Christ Church
William Wallace, Baron Wallace of Saltaire St Antony's
William Waller Magdalen Hall
Steve Webb Hertford
John Wells Corpus Christi
William Thomas Wells Balliol
Eirene Lloyd White, Baroness White Somerville
Phillip Whitehead Exeter
Ann Widdecombe Lady Margaret Hall Conservative
Shirley Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby Somerville Labour, Lib Dem
Thomas Williams St Catherine's and Manchester
W. Llewelyn Williams Brasenose
Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn Christ Church
Watkin Williams-Wynn Jesus
Francis Windebank St John's
Patrick Wolrige-Gordon New College
Richard Wood, Baron Holderness New College
Marcus Worsley New College
Tony Wright Balliol
Derek Wyatt St Catherine's
Woodrow Wyatt, Baron Wyatt of Weeford Worcester Labour, Conservative
William Wyndham Christ Church
John Wynn
William Yates Hertford
Kenneth Younger New College

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Famous quotes containing the words house, lords and/or commons:

    Platonic England, house of solitudes,
    rests in its laurels and its injured stone,
    Geoffrey Hill (b. 1932)

    I don’t choose to say much upon this head,
    I’m a plain man, and in a single station,
    But—Oh! ye lords of ladies intellectual,
    Inform us truly, have they not hen-peck’d you all?
    George Gordon Noel Byron (1788–1824)

    [I]n Great-Britain it is said that their constitution relies on the house of commons for honesty, and the lords for wisdom; which would be a rational reliance if honesty were to be bought with money, and if wisdom were hereditary.
    Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)