List of State Leaders in 1865 - Middle East and North Africa

Middle East and North Africa

  • Abu Dhabi - Zaid ibn Khalifa, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi (1855–1909)
  • Egypt (Under Ottoman suzerainty)- Ismail, Governor of Egypt (1863–1867)
  • Morocco - Mohammed IV, Sultan of Morocco (1859–1873)

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    There’s no telling what might have happened to our defense budget if Saddam Hussein hadn’t invaded Kuwait that August and set everyone gearing up for World War II½. Can we count on Saddam Hussein to come along every year and resolve our defense-policy debates? Given the history of the Middle East, it’s possible.
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    Death cut the strings that gave me life,
    And handed me to Sorrow,
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    A puff of wind, a puff faint and tepid and laden with strange odours of blossoms, of aromatic wood, comes out the still night—the first sigh of the East on my face. That I can never forget. It was impalpable and enslaving, like a charm, like a whispered promise of mysterious delight.... The mysterious East faced me, perfumed like a flower, silent like death, dark like a grave.
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    Come see the north wind’s masonry.
    Out of an unseen quarry evermore
    Furnished with tile, the fierce artificer
    Curves his white bastions with projected roof
    Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)

    In Africa, there is much confusion.... Before, there was no radio, or other forms of communication.... Now, in Africa ... the government talks, people talk, the police talk, the people don’t know anymore. They aren’t free.
    Youssou N’Dour (b. 1959)