List of State Leaders in 1865 - Europe

Europe

• Belgium
  • Monarch -
    1. Léopold I, King of the Belgians (1831–1865)
    2. Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
  • Cabinet Chief - Charles Rogier, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
• Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863–1906)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Christian Albrecht Bluhme, Prime Minister of Denmark (1864–1865)
    2. Christian Emil, Prime Minister of Denmark (1865–1870)
• France - Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1852–1870)
• German Confederation - Franz Joseph of Austria, President of the German Confederation (1850–1866)
  • Austria - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria (1848–1916)
  • Bavaria - Ludwig II, King of Bavaria (1864–1886)
  • Hamburg - Friedrich Sieveking, First Burgomaster of Hamburg (1861–1862; 1865; and again 1868)
  • Hanover - George, King of Hanover (1851–1866)
  • Luxembourg
    • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister - Victor, Baron de Tornaco, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1860–1867)
  • Prussia -
    • Monarch - Wilhelm I, King of Prussia (1861–1888)
    • Prime Minister - Otto von Bismarck, Minister-President of Prussia (1862–1873)
  • Saxony - Johann, King of Saxony (1854–1873)
  • Württemberg - Karl, King of Württemberg (1864–1891)
• Greece -
  • Monarch - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Konstantinos Kanaris, Prime Minister of Greece (1864–1865)
    2. Benizelos Rouphos, Prime Minister of Greece (1865)
    3. Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime Minister of Greece (1865)
    4. Epameinontas Deligeorgis, Prime Minister of Greece (1865)
    5. Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime Minister of Greece (1865)
    6. Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime Minister of Greece (1865)
    7. Epameinontas Deligeorgis, Prime Minister of Greece (1865)
    8. Benizelos Rouphos, Prime Minister of Greece (1865–1866)
• Papal States - Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
• Hungary - Franz Joseph I of Austria, King of Hungary (1848–1916)
• Italy -
  • Monarch - Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Italy (1861–1878)
  • Prime Minister - Marchese di La Marmora, Prime Minister of Italy (1864–1866)
• Netherlands
  • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
  • Prime Minister - Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1849–1853, 1862–1866, 1871–1872)
• Norway - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Carl IV, King of Norway (1859–1872)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
  • Monarch - Abd-ul-Aziz, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1861–1876)
  • Grand Vizier - Keçecizade Mehmet Fuat Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1863–1866)
• Portugal - Luis, King of Portugal (1861–1889)
• Romania - Alexander John Cuza, Prince of Romania (1859–1866)
• Russia - Alexander II, Tsar of Russia (1855–1881)
• Spain - Isabella II, Queen of Spain (1833–1868)
• Sweden - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, King of Sweden (1859–1872)
• United Kingdom
  • Monarch - Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1859–1865)
    2. John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1865–1866)