List of State Leaders in 1860 - Europe

Europe

  • Abkhazia - Mikheil, Prince of Abkhazia (1822–1864)
  • Austria - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria (1848–1916)
  • Belgium
    • Monarch - Léopold I, King of the Belgians (1831–1865)
    • Cabinet Chief - Charles Rogier, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
  • Denmark -
    • Monarch - Frederick VII, King of Denmark (1848–1863)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Carl Edvard Rotwitt, Prime Minister of Denmark (1859–1860)
      2. Carl Frederik Axel Bror Blixen-Finecke, Prime Minister of Denmark (1860)
      3. Carl Christian Hall, Prime Minister of Denmark (1860–1863)
  • France - Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1852–1870)
  • German Confederation - Franz Joseph of Austria, President of the German Confederation (1850–1866)
    • Anhalt-Bernburg - Alexander Charles, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg (1834–1863)
    • Anhalt-Dessau - Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1817–1871)
    • Austria - (see above)
    • Baden - Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden (1856–1907)
    • Bavaria - Maximilian II, King of Bavaria (1848–1864)
    • Bremen - Arnold Duckwitz, president of the senate, Burgomaster in chief (1858, 1860, 1862, 1867 and 1869), one of the Mayors of Bremen (1857–1863)
    • Brunswick - William, Duke of Brunswick (1830–1884)
    • Hanover - George V, King of Hanover (1851–1866)
    • Hesse-Darmstadt - Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse (1848–1877)
    • Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) - Frederick William, Elector of Hesse (1847–1866)
    • Holstein - Frederick VII of Denmark, Duke of Holstein (1848–1863)
    • Luxembourg
      • Monarch - William III of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1849–1890)
      • Prime Minister -
        1. Mathias Simons, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1853–1860)
        2. Victor, Baron de Tornaco, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1860–1867)
    • Mecklenburg-Schwerin - Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1842–1883)
    • Mecklenburg-Strelitz -
      1. George, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1816–1860)
      2. Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1860–1904)
    • Nassau - Adolf, Duke of Nassau (1839–1866)
    • Oldenburg - Peter II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (1853–1900)
    • Prussia - (see below)
    • Saxe-Altenburg - Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1853–1908)
    • Saxe-Coburg and Gotha - Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1844–1893)
    • Saxe-Meiningen - Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1803–1866)
    • Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach - Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1853–1901)
    • Saxony - John, King of Saxony (1854–1873)
    • Württemberg - William I, King of Württemberg (1816–1864)
  • Greece -
    • Monarch - Otto, King of Greece (1832–1862)
    • Prime Minister - Athanasios Miaoulis, Prime Minister of Greece (1857–1862)
  • Netherlands
    • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Jan Jacob Rochussen, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1858–1860)
      2. Floris Adriaan van Hall, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1853–1857, 1860–1861)
  • Papal States - Pope Pius IX (1846-1878*) *lost the last remnants of the Papal States in 1870
  • Piedmont-Sardinia-
    • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia (1849-1878*) *King of Italy beginning in 1861
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Marquis of La Marmora, Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia (1859–1860)
      2. Count Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia (1860–1861)
  • Portugal - Pedro V, King of Portugal (1853–1861)
  • Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
    • Monarch - Abd-ul-Mejid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1839–1861)
    • Grand Vizier -
      1. Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1859–1860)
      2. Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1860–1861)
  • Prussia -
    • Monarch - Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia (1840–1861)
    • Regent - Prince Wilhelm, Regent of Prussia (1858–1861)
    • Prime Minister - Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Minister-President of Prussia (1858–1862)
  • Romania - Alexander John Cuza, Prince of Romania (1859–1866)
  • Russia - Alexander II, Tsar of Russia (1855–1881)
  • Spain - Isabella II, Queen of Spain (1833–1868)
  • Sweden - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, King of Sweden (1859–1872)
  • Kingdom of Tavolara - Paolo I, King of Tavolara (1845–1886)
  • Two Sicilies - Francis II, King of the Two Sicilies (1859–1861)
    • The Two Sicilies were officially annexed by Sardinia in 1860, but King Francis held out in Gaeta until early the next year, and the annexation was not recognized by other states until then.
  • United Kingdom -
    • Monarch - Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901)
    • Prime Minister - Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1859–1865)

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