List of State Leaders in 1660 - Europe

Europe

  • Denmark-Norway - Frederick III, King of Denmark and King of Norway (1648–1670)
  • England
    1. Richard Cromwell - Lord Protector (1558–1660)
    2. Charles II, King of England (1660–1685)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705)
    • Bremen, Duchy -
      1. Charles X Gustav of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Duke of Bremen (1654–1660)
      2. Charles XI of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Duke of Bremen (1660–1697)
    • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
    • Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
    • Verden, Principality -
      1. Charles X Gustav of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Prince of Verden (1654–1660)
      2. Charles XI of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Prince of Verden (1660–1697)
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire
    • Sultan- Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
    • Grand vizier - Köprülü Mehmet Pasha (1565–1561)
  • Portugal - Afonso VI, King of Portugal (1656–1667)
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Russia - Alexis I, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
  • Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665)
  • Sweden -
    1. Charles X Gustav, King of Sweden (1654–1660)
    2. Charles XI, King of Sweden (1660–1697)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan de Witt (1653–1672)

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Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “The Cold War began with the division of Europe. It can only end when Europe is whole.”
    —George Bush (b. 1924)

    “Well then! Wagner was a revolutionary—he fled the Germans.... As an artist one has no home in Europe outside Paris: the délicatesse in all five artistic senses that is presupposed by Wagner’s art, the fingers for nuances, the psychological morbidity are found only in Paris. Nowhere else is this passion in questions of form to be found, this seriousness in mise en scène—which is Parisian seriousness par excellence.”
    —Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)

    “The Afrocentric exploration of the black past only scratches the surface. A full examination of the ancestry of those who are referred to in the newspapers as blacks and African Americans must include Europe and Native America.”
    —Ishmael Reed (b. 1938)