Europe
- Crimea - İslâm III Giray, Khan of Crimea (1644–1654)
- Cossack Republic - Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman (1648–1657)
- England - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
- France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
- Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
- Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
- Qasim Khanate - Sayed Borhan, Qasim Khan (1627–1679)
- Russia - Alexis I, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
- Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
- Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
- Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Adriaan Pauw (1631–1636, 1651–1653)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1652
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“In America the cohesion was a matter of choice and will. But in Europe it was organic.”
—D.H. (David Herbert)
“The Federated Republic of Europe—the United States of Europe—that is what must be. National autonomy no longer suffices. Economic evolution demands the abolition of national frontiers. If Europe is to remain split into national groups, then Imperialism will recommence its work. Only a Federated Republic of Europe can give peace to the world.”
—Leon Trotsky (1879–1940)
“I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. But the age of chivalry is gone. That of sophisters, economists and calculators has succeeded; and the glory of Europe is extinguished forever.”
—Edmund Burke (1729–1797)