List of State Leaders in 1649 - Europe

Europe

  • Denmark-Norway - Frederick III, King of Denmark and King of Norway(1648–1670)
  • England
    1. Charles I, King of England (1625–1649),
    2. Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector (1649–1658), Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
    • Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel - Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1635–1666)
  • Moldavia - Vasile Lupu, Voivode of Moldavia (1634–1653).
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Papal States - Innocent X, Bishop of Rome (1644–1655).
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Portugal - John IV, King of Portugal (1640–1656)
  • Republic of Venice - Francesco Molino, Doge of Venice (1646–1655).
  • Russia - Aleksey I, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
  • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
  • Scotland - Charles I, King of England (1625–1649)
  • Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665)
  • Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
  • Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Stadtholder - William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1647–1650)
      • Willem Frederik, Stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen(1640–1664).
      • Holland - Grand Pensionary Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)
  • Wallachia - Matei Basarab, Voivode of Wallachia (1632–1654).

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    —Hermann Goering (1893–1946)

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    “When Paris sneezes, Europe catches cold.”
    —Prince Metternich (1773–1859)