List of State Leaders in 1649 - Europe

Europe

  • Denmark-Norway - Frederick III, King of Denmark and King of Norway(1648–1670)
  • England
    1. Charles I, King of England (1625–1649),
    2. Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector (1649–1658), Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
    • Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel - Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1635–1666)
  • Moldavia - Vasile Lupu, Voivode of Moldavia (1634–1653).
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Papal States - Innocent X, Bishop of Rome (1644–1655).
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Portugal - John IV, King of Portugal (1640–1656)
  • Republic of Venice - Francesco Molino, Doge of Venice (1646–1655).
  • Russia - Aleksey I, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
  • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
  • Scotland - Charles I, King of England (1625–1649)
  • Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665)
  • Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
  • Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Stadtholder - William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1647–1650)
      • Willem Frederik, Stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen(1640–1664).
      • Holland - Grand Pensionary Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)
  • Wallachia - Matei Basarab, Voivode of Wallachia (1632–1654).

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Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “Can we never extract this tape-worm of Europe from the brain of our countrymen?”
    —Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)

    “In everyone’s youthful dreams, philosophy is still vaguely but inseparably, and with singular truth, associated with the East, nor do after years discover its local habitation in the Western world. In comparison with the philosophers of the East, we may say that modern Europe has yet given birth to none.”
    —Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)

    “All the terrors of the French Republic, which held Austria in awe, were unable to command her diplomacy. But Napoleon sent to Vienna M. de Narbonne, one of the old noblesse, with the morals, manners, and name of that interest, saying, that it was indispensable to send to the old aristocracy of Europe men of the same connection, which, in fact, constitutes a sort of free- masonry. M. de Narbonne, in less than a fortnight, penetrated all the secrets of the imperial cabinet.”
    —Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)