Sortable List
In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. In some cases this is the same as the date of independence marking decolonization or dissolution of a political union. In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence.
Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.
In a union such as Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th century unification, and 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from 843 unification through 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England 1657–1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.
Country | First acquisition of sovereignty |
Date of last subordination |
Previous governing power | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 01919-08-19Aug 19, 1919 | 01989-02-15Feb 15, 1989 | Soviet Union | 2001–present: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 1992-2001: Islamic State of Afghanistan 1978-92: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1973-78: Republic of Afghanistan 1926-29; 1929-73: Kingdom of Afghanistan 1823-1926; 1929: Emirate of Afghanistan 1747-1826: Part of Durrani Empire 1736-1796: Part of Afsharid Kingdom. 1708-1736: Part of Hotaki Empire 1526-1708: Part of Mughal Empire. 1370-1526: Part of Timurid Kingdom. 1256-1335: Part of Ilkhanate. 1294-1370: Part of Chagatai Khanate. 1219-1294 Part of Mongol Empire. 1077-1219: Part of Khwarazemid Empire 1037-1077: Part of the Great Seljuq Empire. 963-1187: Part of Ghaznavid Empire. 861-963: Part of Saffarid Emirate. 821-861: Part of various territories governed by the Tahirids. 750-821: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate. 661-750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate. 632-661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate. 224-632; Part of the Sassanid Empire. 227 BCE-224: Part of the Parthian Empire. 312 BCE-227 BCE: Part of the Seleucid Empire. 336 BCE-312 BCE: Part of the Macedonian Empire. 549 BCE-336 BCE: Part of the Achaemenid Empire. 678 BCE-545 BCE: Part of the Median Empire. Before 678 BCE various Indo-Iranian tribes and early Iranian city-states. |
Albania | 01912-11-28Nov 28, 1912 | 01944-11-01Nov 1944 | Germany | 1992–present: Republic of Albania 1944-92: People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1928-44: Albanian Kingdom 1925-28: Albanian Republic 1914-25: Principality of Albania 1912-14: Provisional Government of Albania 1479-1912: Part of Ottoman Empire 1444-79: League of Lezhë 1190-1444: Various Albanian principalities Before 1190: Part of Byzantine Empire |
Algeria | 01962-07-03Jul 3, 1962 | 01962-07-03Jul 3, 1962 | France | 1962–present: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 1830-1962: French Algeria Before 1830: Eyalet of Algiers |
Andorra | 01278-09-07Sep 7, 1278 | 01944-11-01Nov 1944 | France | 1278–present: Principality of Andorra |
Angola | 01975-11-11Nov 11, 1975 | 01975-11-11Nov 11, 1975 | Portugal | 1992–present: Republic of Angola 1975-1992: People's Republic of Angola 1575-1975: Portuguese Angola |
Antigua and Barbuda | 01981-11-01Nov 1, 1981 | 01981-11-01Nov 1, 1981 | United Kingdom | 1981–present: Antigua and Barbuda 1632-1981: Colony of England/Great Britain/United Kingdom Before 1632: Inhabited by indigenous peoples of the Americas |
Argentina | 01810-05-25May 25, 1810 | 01816-07-09July 9, 1816 | Spain | 1861–present: Argentine Republic 1831-1861: Argentine Confederation 1810-1831: Part of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 1776-1810: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 1542–1824: Part of Viceroyalty of Peru 1528-1542: Part of Spanish colony Before 1528: Inhabited by indigenous peoples of the Americas, including the Inca Empire |
Armenia | -9810-01-01190 BC | 01991-09-23Sep 23, 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Armenia 1920-1991: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 1918-1920: Democratic Republic of Armenia 1829-1918: Part of Russian empire Before 1829: Part of Ottoman Empire 190 BC-AD 428: First independent as Kingdom of Armenia |
Australia | 01942-10-09Oct 9, 1942 | 01942-10-09Oct 9, 1942 | United Kingdom | 1942–present: Commonwealth of Australia 1901-1942: Commonwealth of Australia 1788-1901: Part of British empire Before 1788: Inhabited by Indigenous Australians |
Austria | 01918-11-12Nov 12, 1918 | 01955-05-15May 15, 1955 | World War II Allies | 1955–present: Republic of Austria 1945-55: Allied-occupied Austria 1938-45: Occupied by Nazi Germany 1934-38: Federal State of Austria 1919-34: First Republic of Austria 1918-19: Republic of German-Austria 1867-1918: Austria-Hungary 1804-67: Austrian Empire 1457-1804: Archduchy of Austria 1156-1457: Duchy of Austria |
Azerbaijan | 01991-08-30Aug 30, 1991 | 01991-08-30Aug 30, 1991 | Soviet Union | 1995–present: Republic of Azerbaijan 1920-1995: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 1918-1920: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Before 1918: Part of Russian Empire |
Bahamas | 01973-07-10July 10, 1973 | 01973-07-10July 10, 1973 | United Kingdom | 1973–present: Commonwealth of the Bahamas 1718-1973:Part of the British West Indies 1492-1718: Part of the Spanish Empire 500to 800-1492: Inhabited by the Lucayans |
Bahrain | 01971-12-16Dec 16, 1971 | 01971-12-16Dec 16, 1971 | United Kingdom | 1971–present Kingdom of Bahrain 1861-1971:Protectorate of the British Empire by way of the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Freedom 1783-1861:Ruled by the Bani Utbah 1717-1783:Ruled by Oman after a successful invasion 1602-1717:Part of Persia under the Safavid dynasty 1521-1602: Part of the Portuguese Empire Mid-1400s-1521: Ruled by the Jabrid dynasty 1253-mid-1400s:Ruled by the usfurid dynasty 1076-1235:Ruled by the Uyunid dynasty 976-1076: Ruled as part of the Abbasid Caliphate 899-976: Ruled by the Qarmatians 3rd Century CE-899:Ruled by the Sassanids of Persia 130 BCE-3rd Century BCE: Ruled by the Parthians6th Century BCE-3rd Century BCE- Part of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenids |
Bangladesh | 01971-03-26Mar 26, 1971 | 01971-12-16Dec 16, 1971 | Pakistan | 1971–present: People's Republic of Bangladesh 1971:Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1955-1971:East Pakistan (Part of Pakistan) 1947-1955:East Bengal (Part of Pakistan 1858-1947: Part of the British Raj 1717-1880:Ruled by the Nawabs (Lost ruling power after the Battle of Plassey) 1576-1717:Part of the Mughal Empire 1556-1576:Ruled by the Karrani Dynasty 1540-1556:Ruled by the Sur dynasty 1538-1540:Part of the Mughal Empire 1494-1538:Ruled by the Hussain Shahi Dynasty} 1414-1494: Ruled by the Ganesha Dynasty 1342-1487:Shamsuddin lliyas Shah ruled an independent city-state within modern Bangladesh |
Barbados | 01966-11-30Nov 30, 1966 | 01966-11-30Nov 30, 1966 | United Kingdom | |
Belarus | 01990-07-27Jul 27, 1990 | 01991-08-25Aug 25, 1991 | Soviet Union | |
Belgium | 01830-10-04Oct 4, 1830 | 01945-01-011945 | Germany | Part of Netherlands before 1830 |
Belize | 01981-09-21Sep 21, 1981 | 01981-09-21Sep 21, 1981 | United Kingdom | |
Benin | 01960-08-01Aug 1, 1960 | 01960-08-01Aug 1, 1960 | France | |
Bhutan | 01634-01-011634 | 01634-01-011634(none) | (none) | Autonomous since at least the 10th century. Unified 1634, after the Battle of Five Lamas. Early history is sketchy, but may have been part of Kamarupa kingdom, and may have been occupied by Tibetan-Mongol forces ca. 10th century. |
Bolivia | 01825-08-06Aug 6, 1825 | 01825-08-06Aug 6, 1825 | Spain | 1836–39 as dominant partner in Peru–Bolivian Confederation, governed from Tacna, Peru. |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 01377-01-011377 | 01992-03-03Mar 3, 1992 | Yugoslavia | Subject to Kingdom of Hungary 1154-1377 as a Banate of Bosnia, then independent as Kingdom of Bosnia 1377–1463. Later under Ottoman Empire until 1908, Austria-Hungary until 1918, and Yugoslavia until 1992. |
Botswana | 01966-09-30Sep 30, 1966 | 01966-09-30Sep 30, 1966 | United Kingdom | |
Brazil | 01822-09-07Sep 7, 1822 | 01822-09-07Sep 7, 1822 | Portugal | |
Brunei | 01984-01-01Jan 1, 1984 | 01984-01-01Jan 1, 1984 | United Kingdom | Previously occupied by Japan |
Bulgaria | 00681-01-01681 | 01908-09-22Sep 22, 1908 | Ottoman Empire | Previously occupied by Byzantine Empire (1018–1185) and Ottoman Empire (1393–1878) |
Burkina Faso | 01960-08-05Aug 5, 1960 | 01960-08-05Aug 5, 1960 | France | |
Burundi | 01962-07-01July 1, 1962 | 01962-07-01July 1, 1962 | Belgium | |
Cambodia | 00802-01-01802 | 01989-09-26Sep 26, 1989 | Vietnam | Khmer Empire founded 802 according to Sdok Kok Thom Inscription |
Cameroon | 01960-01-01Jan 1, 1960 | 01961-10-01Oct 1, 1961 | United Kingdom | French Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added British Southern Cameroons in 1961. |
Canada | 01931-12-11Dec 11, 1931 | 01931-12-11Dec 11, 1931 | United Kingdom | Dominion status 1867, Statute of Westminster 1931. |
Cape Verde | 01975-07-05July 5, 1975 | 01975-07-05July 5, 1975 | Portugal | |
Central African Republic | 01960-08-13Aug 13, 1960 | 01960-08-13Aug 13, 1960 | France | |
Chad | 01960-08-11Aug 11, 1960 | 01960-08-11Aug 11, 1960 | France | |
Chile | 01810-09-18Sep 18, 1810 | 01818-02-12Feb 12, 1818 | Spain | |
China, People's Republic of | -9779-01-01221 BC | 01912-02-12Feb 12, 1912 | Qing Empire | Unified 221 BC under Qin Dynasty. Previously part of the Mongol Empire under the Yuan Dynasty from 1279 Battle of Yamen until 1368. Partial occupation by Japan, 1937–1945. Note: Although the Mongol's Yuan Dynasty and the Manchu's Qing Dynasty were considered foreign by the Han Chinese in their times, current Chinese official position considers these two dynasties as Chinese, as they were established by Chinese ethnic minorities and had their capitals in present-day Beijing. The PRC government considers itself the successor of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. |
Colombia | 01810-07-20Jul 20, 1810 | 01819-08-07Aug 7, 1819 | Spain | Battle of Boyacá 1819 |
Comoros | 01975-07-06Jul 6, 1975 | 01975-07-06Jul 6, 1975 | France | |
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 01885-01-011885 | 01960-06-30Jun 30, 1960 | Belgium | 1885 Berlin Conference established Congo Free State as sovereign entity (private domain of King Leopold of Belgium); annexed to Belgium 1908–1960. |
Congo, Republic of the | 01960-08-15Aug 15, 1960 | 01960-08-15Aug 15, 1960 | France | |
Costa Rica | 01821-09-15Sep 15, 1821 | 01838-01-011838 | Federal Republic of Central America | Previously part of Mexico 1822–23 and a colony of Spain before 1821. |
Côte d'Ivoire | 01960-08-07Aug 7, 1960 | 01960-08-07Aug 7, 1960 | France | |
Croatia | 00879-05-21May 21, 879 | 01991-10-08Oct 8, 1991 | Yugoslavia | Croats came to Roman Dalmatia as free people from White Croatia in the early 7th century. |
Cuba | 01902-05-20May 20, 1902 | 01902-05-20May 20, 1902 | United States | A colony of Spain until 1898, then occupied but not annexed by United States 1899–1902. |
Cyprus | 01960-08-16Aug 16, 1960 | 01960-08-16Aug 16, 1960 | United Kingdom | |
Czech Republic | 00935-01-01935 | 01968-09-20Sep 20, 1968 | Warsaw Pact | Unified under Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, who acceded to the throne in 935. Later part of Austria-Hungary until 1918 independence as Czechoslovakia. Occupied by Germany in 1938, by WWII Allies in 1945, and by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968. |
Denmark | 00980-01-01980 | 01945-05-05May 5, 1945 | Germany | Unified ca 980 by Harald Bluetooth. |
Djibouti | 01977-06-27Jun 27, 1977 | 01977-06-27Jun 27, 1977 | France | |
Dominica | 01978-11-03Nov 3, 1978 | 01978-11-03Nov 3, 1978 | United Kingdom | |
Dominican Republic | 01821-01-011821 | 01924-07-13July 13, 1924 | United States | Previously occupied by Spain, France, and Haiti |
Ecuador | 01822-05-24May 24, 1822 | 01830-05-13May 13, 1830 | Gran Colombia | Previously a colony of Spain |
Egypt | -6900-01-013100 BC | 01922-02-28Feb 28, 1922 | United Kingdom | Unified in 3100 BC by Pharaoh Menes or probably Narmer, founder of the First Dynasty. Conquered at various times by Achaemenid, Macedonian, Roman, Arab/Islamic, Ottoman, and Napoleonic Empires. |
El Salvador | 01821-09-15Sep 15, 1821 | 01898-11-21Nov 21, 1898 | Greater Republic of Central America | Previously a part of the Federal Republic of Central America 1823–38, Mexico 1822–23, and a colony of Spain before 1821. |
Equatorial Guinea | 01968-10-12Oct 12, 1968 | 01968-10-12Oct 12, 1968 | Spain | |
Eritrea | 01137-01-011137 | 01993-05-24May 24, 1993 | Ethiopia | Independent 1137-1889 as Medri Bahri kingdom. Occupied 1889 by Italy, 1941 by Britain. Ruled 1952-1993 by Ethiopia. |
Estonia | 01918-02-24Feb 24, 1918 | 01991-08-20Aug 20, 1991 | Soviet Union | Previously ruled by Sweden and occupied by Denmark, Poland, Russia, and Germany. |
Ethiopia | 00050-01-0150 | 01944-12-01Dec 1944 | United Kingdom | Aksumite Empire founded ca 50. Occupied 1936–1941 by Italy, then administered by UK until 1944 Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement. |
Fiji | 01970-10-10Oct 10, 1970 | 01970-10-10Oct 10, 1970 | United Kingdom | |
Finland | 01917-12-06Dec 6, 1917 | 01918-01-04Jan 4, 1918 | Russian Empire | Previously ruled by Sweden. |
France | 00843-01-01843 | 01945-01-011945 | Germany | 843 Treaty of Verdun established West Francia. |
Gabon | 01960-08-17Aug 17, 1960 | 01960-08-17Aug 17, 1960 | France | |
Gambia | 01965-02-18Feb 18, 1965 | 01965-02-18Feb 18, 1965 | United Kingdom | |
Georgia | 01001-01-011001 | 01991-04-08Apr 8, 1991 | Soviet Union | |
Germany | 01871-01-18Jan 18, 1871 | 01991-03-15March 15, 1991 | World War II Allies | Unified in 1871. Occupied 1945–1955 until ratification of Bonn–Paris conventions. Become fully sovereign on 15 March 1991 after the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect. |
Ghana | 01957-03-06Mar 6, 1957 | 01957-03-06Mar 6, 1957 | United Kingdom | |
Greece | 01822-01-011822 | 01944-01-011944 | Germany | Previously occupied jointly by Italy, Germany and Bulgaria; before 1821 by Ottoman Empire. |
Grenada | 01974-02-07Feb 7, 1974 | 01974-02-07Feb 7, 1974 | United Kingdom | |
Guatemala | 01821-09-15Sep 15, 1821 | 01838-01-011838 | Federal Republic of Central America | Previously part of Mexico 1822–23 and a colony of Spain before 1821. |
Guinea | 01958-10-02Oct 2, 1958 | 01958-10-02Oct 2, 1958 | France | |
Guinea-Bissau | 01973-09-24Sep 24, 1973 | 01974-09-10Sep 10, 1974 | Portugal | |
Guyana | 01966-05-26May 26, 1966 | 01966-05-26May 26, 1966 | United Kingdom | Previously colonized by Dutch |
Haiti | 01804-01-01Jan 1, 1804 | 01934-08-01Aug 1, 1934 | United States | Previously a colony of France. |
Honduras | 01821-09-15Sep 15, 1821 | 01925-01-011925 | United States | Occupied several times by United States. Previously a part of the Greater Republic of Central America 1896–98, the Federal Republic of Central America 1823–38, Mexico 1822–23 and a colony of Spain before 1821. |
Hungary | 00895-01-01895 | 01956-01-011956 | Soviet Union | Principality of Hungary founded 895. Ruled by Austria 1526/1699-1867, part of Austria-Hungary 1867-1918. |
Iceland | 00930-01-01930 | 01946-01-011946 | United States | Icelandic Commonwealth formed 930. Ceded to Norway 1262; ruled by Danish monarchs 1380-1944 (de facto to 1940). Regained home rule in 1918 as Kingdom of Iceland, fully independent Republic of Iceland founded 1944. Occupied by the United Kingdom 1940–41 and the United States 1941–1946. |
India | -9678-01-01322 BC | 01947-08-15Aug 15, 1947 | United Kingdom | India gets its name Bhārat Gaṇarājya from Bharata who was the first emperor to unite whole of Indian subcontinent. Indian Empire by Chandragupta Maurya founder of Maurya Empire 322 BC, then Gupta Empire 320 AD, then Mughal Empire in 1527, then British Raj from 1857 until Independence. |
Indonesia | 01945-08-17Aug 17, 1945 | 01949-12-27Dec 27, 1949 | Netherlands | Previously occupied by Portugal, Spain, France, British Empire, and Japan. |
Iran | -6800-01-013200 BC | 01946-05-01May 1946 | World War II Allies | Elam Knowledge of Elamite history remains largely fragmentary, reconstruction being based on mainly Mesopotamian (Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian) sources (3200 BC). First Persian Empire formed by Cyrus the Great in 559 BC. Conquered by Alexander the Great in 330 BC, ruled by the Mongols 1256–1335, Timurid Empire c. 1400-1501, Afghans 1722-1729, then occupied by Britain and the Soviet Union 1941-1946 |
Iraq | -6000-01-014000 BC | 02004-06-28Jun 28, 2004 | United States | founded in 4000 BC by Sumer Civilization (the first Civilization on the world), and then unified under Sargon of Akkad the founder of Akkadian Empire. see History of Iraq. Occupied by United States 2003–2004 |
Ireland | 01919-01-21Jan 21, 1919 | 01931-12-11Dec 11, 1931 | United Kingdom | Independence declared 1919, Dominion status 1922, Statute of Westminster 1931, declared a republic 1948. |
Israel | -8980-01-011020 BC | 01948-05-14May 14, 1948 | United Kingdom | Kingdom of Israel unified under King Saul, c. 1020 BC, divided into separate kingdoms of Israel and Judea, which fall to Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires in 722 and 586 BC, respectively. In 2nd century BC, Judea re-gains independence as Hasmonean kingdom after revolt against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire. Conquered by Pompey of the Roman Empire in 63 BC, and subsequently falls to Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman Turkish, and British rule, before regaining independence as the State of Israel in 1948. |
Italy | 01861-03-17Mar 17, 1861 | 01945-04-25Apr 25, 1945 | World War II Allies | Unified in 1861. |
Jamaica | 01962-08-06Aug 6, 1962 | 01962-08-06Aug 6, 1962 | United Kingdom | Previously a Spanish colony |
Japan | 00400-01-01400 | 01952-04-28April 28, 1952 | World War II Allies | Founded 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu according to legend. Unified state emerged during the Kofun period c. 400 AD. 1952 Treaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation. |
Jordan | 01946-05-25May 25, 1946 | 01958-08-02Aug 2, 1958 | Arab Federation | Part of Arab Federation Feb–Aug 1958 governed from Baghdad, Iraq. Previously ruled by Persian, Roman, Islamic, and Ottoman Empires; UK, etc. |
Kazakhstan | 01991-12-16Dec 16, 1991 | 01991-12-16Dec 16, 1991 | Soviet Union | |
Kenya | 01963-12-12Dec 12, 1963 | 01963-12-12Dec 12, 1963 | United Kingdom | |
Kiribati | 01979-07-12Jul 12, 1979 | 01979-07-12Jul 12, 1979 | United Kingdom | |
Kosovo | 02008-02-17Feb 17, 2008 | 02008-02-17Feb 17, 2008 | Serbia | Declared independence from Serbia in accordance with international law |
Kuwait | 01961-06-19Jun 19, 1961 | 01991-02-01Feb 1991 | Iraq | Previously ruled by Ottoman Empire and UK. |
Kyrgyzstan | 01991-08-31Aug 31, 1991 | 01991-08-31Aug 31, 1991 | Soviet Union | |
Laos | 01354-01-011354 | 01953-11-09Nov 9, 1953 | France | Occupied by Japan during World War II |
Latvia | 01918-11-18Nov 18, 1918 | 01990-05-04May 4, 1990 | Soviet Union | Previously ruled by Lithuania, Sweden, and Russia |
Lebanon | 01943-11-08Nov 8, 1943 | 01946-12-31Dec 31, 1946 | France | Previously ruled by Ottoman Empire |
Lesotho | 01822-01-011822 | 01966-10-04Oct 4, 1966 | United Kingdom | |
Liberia | 01847-07-26Jul 26, 1847 | 01847-07-26Jul 26, 1847 | American Colonization Society | Settled but not claimed by United States |
Libya | 01951-12-24Dec 24, 1951 | 01951-12-24Dec 24, 1951 | United Kingdom and France | Previously occupied by Italy and by Ottoman Empire |
Liechtenstein | 01806-07-12Jul 12, 1806 | 01866-08-24Aug 24, 1866 | German Confederation | Previously subject to the Confederation of the Rhine. Formed 1719 from Vaduz and Schellenberg, but under the Holy Roman Empire. |
Lithuania | 01253-01-011253 | 01990-03-11Mar 11, 1990 | Soviet Union | Kingdom of Lithuania; Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania |
Luxembourg | 01815-01-011815 | 01945-01-011945 | Germany | Independent from France 1815 but in personal union with Netherlands until 1890 |
Macedonia | 01991-09-08Sep 8, 1991 | 01991-09-08Sep 8, 1991 | Yugoslavia | |
Madagascar | 01787-01-011787 | 01960-06-26Jun 26, 1960 | France | |
Malawi | 01964-07-06Jul 6, 1964 | 01964-07-06Jul 6, 1964 | United Kingdom | |
Malaysia | 01957-08-31Aug 31, 1957 | 01957-08-31Aug 31, 1957 | United Kingdom | The Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and changed its name to Malaysia. Singapore became independent in 1965. |
Maldives | 01140-01-011140 | 01965-07-26Jul 26, 1965 | United Kingdom | Unified according to legend by King Koimala (1117–1141). Independent sultanate until 1887, when it became a British protectorate. |
Mali | 01230-01-011230 | 01960-09-22Sep 22, 1960 | Mali Federation | Mali Empire ca. 1230. A colony of France 1890–1960, then part of Mali Federation governed from Dakar, Senegal. |
Malta | 01964-09-21Sep 21, 1964 | 01964-09-21Sep 21, 1964 | United Kingdom | |
Marshall Islands | 01986-10-21Oct 21, 1986 | 01986-10-21Oct 21, 1986 | United States | Compact of Free Association |
Mauritania | 01960-11-28Nov 28, 1960 | 01960-11-28Nov 28, 1960 | France | |
Mauritius | 01968-03-12Mar 12, 1968 | 01968-03-12Mar 12, 1968 | United Kingdom | Previously controlled by the Netherlands and France. |
Mexico | 01810-09-16Sep 16, 1810 | 01863-01-011863 | France | Parts of northern Mexico continued under control of Benito Juárez. Previously a colony of Spain |
Micronesia, Federated States of | 01986-11-03Nov 3, 1986 | 01986-11-03Nov 3, 1986 | United States | Compact of Free Association |
Moldova | 01991-08-27Aug 27, 1991 | 01991-08-27Aug 27, 1991 | Soviet Union | |
Monaco | 01297-01-011297 | 01945-01-011945 | Germany | Previously occupied by Italy and France. Subject to Sardinia 1815–1861. |
Mongolia | 01206-01-011206 | 01921-03-13Mar 13, 1921 | China | Mongol Empire formed 1206; occupied by China during Qing Dynasty (1635–1911) and Republic of China (1919–1921) |
Montenegro | 01042-01-011042 | 02006-05-21May 21, 2006 | Serbia and Montenegro | Duklja established statehood 826-830 by archont Petar but gained its full independence from the Byzantine Empire in 1042. 1042-1186 : Vojislavljević's dynasty. 1360-1421 : Balšić's dynasty. 1427-1496 : Crnojević's dynasty. 1696-1916 : Petrović's dynasty. Independent from Ottoman Empire in 1799, formally 1878, union with Serbia/Yugoslavia 1918–2006. Occupied by Ottoman Empire 1496-1799(1878),Austria-Hungary 1916-1918, Italy 1941-1943, and Germany 1943-1945. |
Morocco | 00789-02-05February 5, 789 | 01956-04-07Apr 7, 1956 | France/Spain | 00789-02-05February 5, 789 : Induction of Idris I 789-974 : Idrisid dynasty 974-1060 : Disputed between the Fatimid Caliphate and the Caliphate of Córdoba, divided into several Zenata principalities 1061-1147 : Almoravid dynasty 1147-1244 : Almohad dynasty 1244-1465 : Marinid dynasty 1465-1472 : Idrisid dynasty, Joutey branch 1472-1554 : Wattasid dynasty 1554-1659 : Saadi dynasty 1664–present : Alaouite dynasty Under French and Spanish protectorate (1912–1956). |
Mozambique | 01975-06-25Jun 25, 1975 | 01975-06-25Jun 25, 1975 | Portugal | Portuguese colony from 1498 |
Myanmar | 00849-01-01849 | 01948-01-04Jan 4, 1948 | United Kingdom | Pagan Kingdom founded 849. Occupied by Japan 1942–1945 |
Namibia | 01990-03-21Mar 21, 1990 | 01990-03-21Mar 21, 1990 | South Africa | German colony from 1884; governed by South Africa 1915-1990 |
Nauru | 01968-01-31Jan 31, 1968 | 01968-01-31Jan 31, 1968 | Australia/ New Zealand/ United Kingdom | Previously occupied by Germany 1888, Australia 1914, Japan 1942-45 |
Nepal | 01768-01-011768 | 01768-01-011768 (none) | (none) | Autonomous throughout its recorded history, and certainly since its 1768 unification. The ancient Maurya Empire occupied southern Nepal, but not the core Kathmandu valley. |
Netherlands | 01581-07-26Jul 26, 1581 | 01945-01-011945 | Germany | Independent from Spain in 1581; occupied by France under Napoleon. |
New Zealand | 01947-11-25Nov 25, 1947 | 01947-11-25Nov 25, 1947 | United Kingdom | Dominion status 1907, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947. |
Nicaragua | 01821-09-15Sep 15, 1821 | 01933-01-01Jan 1933 | United States | Previously a part of the Greater Republic of Central America 1896–98, the Federal Republic of Central America 1823–38, Mexico 1822–23, and a colony of Spain before 1821. |
Niger | 01960-08-03Aug 3, 1960 | 01960-08-03Aug 3, 1960 | France | |
Nigeria | 01960-10-01Oct 1, 1960 | 01960-10-01Oct 1, 1960 | United Kingdom | |
North Korea | -7667-01-012333 BC | 01948-09-09Sep 9, 1948 | Soviet Union | Gojoseon established in 24th century BC according to legend. Modern state established 1948 after Soviet occupation since 1945. Previously occupied by Japan (1910–1945). |
Norway | 00872-01-01872 | 01945-05-09May 9, 1945 | Germany | Unified ca 872 at Battle of Hafrsfjord. For a long time in unions with Denmark and with Sweden (until 1905). Occupied by Germany 1940–45. |
Oman | 00751-01-01751 | 01743-01-011743 | Persia | Previously occupied by Great Seljuq Empire, Ottoman Empire, Portugal (1508–1650), etc. |
Pakistan | 01947-08-14Aug 14, 1947 | 01956-03-23Mar 23, 1956 | United Kingdom | Previously a colony of the British Empire. |
Palau | 01994-10-01Oct 1, 1994 | 01994-10-01Oct 1, 1994 | United States | Previously ruled by Spain, Germany, Japan. |
Panama | 01903-11-03Nov 3, 1903 | 01990-01-12Jan 12, 1990 | United States | A colony of Spain until 1821, then a dependency of Colombia until 1903. Occupied by United States 1989–90. |
Papua New Guinea | 01975-09-16Sep 16, 1975 | 01975-09-16Sep 16, 1975 | Australia | |
Paraguay | 01811-05-14May 14, 1811 | 01876-01-011876 | Brazil | Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, in Triple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay. Colony of Spain before 1811. |
Peru | 01821-07-28July 28, 1821 | 01839-08-25Aug 25, 1839 | Peru–Bolivian Confederation | Independent from Spain 1821; part of Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1836-39. |
Philippines | 01946-07-04July 4, 1946 | 01946-07-04July 4, 1946 | United States | Spanish colony 1565–1898; insurgents declared independence from Spain in 1898; sovereignty passed from Spain to the U.S. in 1898; insurgent Philippine Republic waged an unsuccessful war of independence against the U.S. 1899–1902; accepted U.S. sovereignty April 19, 1901; occupied by Japan 1942–1944. |
Poland | 00960-01-01960 | 01945-01-011945 | Soviet Union | Unified ca 960 by Mieszko I. Partitioned several times between Germany and the USSR. |
Portugal | 01139-07-25July 25, 1139 | 01808-01-011808 | France | Convention of Sintra ended French occupation of Lisbon. Independent from Kingdom of León in 1139. |
Qatar | 01971-09-03Sep 3, 1971 | 01971-09-03Sep 3, 1971 | United Kingdom | |
Romania | 01878-07-13Jul 13, 1878 | 01958-08-01Aug 1958 | Soviet Union | Occupied by the USSR 1944–1958. |
Russia | 00860-01-01860 | 01480-10-08Oct 8, 1480 | Golden Horde | Rurik Dynasty founded ca 860. Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480 marked end of Mongol/Tatar rule. |
Rwanda | 01962-07-01July 1, 1962 | 01962-07-01July 1, 1962 | Belgium | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 01983-09-19Sep 19, 1983 | 01983-09-19Sep 19, 1983 | United Kingdom | |
Saint Lucia | 01979-02-22Feb 22, 1979 | 01979-02-22Feb 22, 1979 | United Kingdom | |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 01979-10-27Oct 27, 1979 | 01979-10-27Oct 27, 1979 | United Kingdom | |
Samoa | 01962-01-01Jan 1, 1962 | 01962-01-01Jan 1, 1962 | New Zealand | German colony 1900 to 1914; occupied by New Zealand 1914; Trust Territory first of the League of Nations, then of the United Nations and administered by New Zealand, 1920 to 1962. |
San Marino | 00301-01-01301 | 01945-01-011945 | World War II Allies | Previously occupied by Roman Empire, and briefly by Rimini (1503), and Papal States (1739). |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 01975-07-12Jul 12, 1975 | 01975-07-12Jul 12, 1975 | Portugal | |
Saudi Arabia | 01744-01-011744 | 01919-01-01Jan 1919 | Ottoman Empire | First Saudi State independent 1744–1818; last Ottoman troops evicted from Medina by Kingdom of Hejaz 1919; Hejaz incorporated 1926 into Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, precursor to Saudi Arabia |
Senegal | 01960-06-20Jun 20, 1960 | 01960-06-20Jun 20, 1960 | France | Independent first as Mali Federation with capital in Dakar. Previously part of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires. |
Serbia | 00850-01-01850 | 01945-01-011945 | Germany | Vlastimir of Serbia established statehood for Serbia in 850; Independent from Ottoman Empire in 1817, formed the core of Yugoslavia 1918–2003 |
Seychelles | 01976-06-29Jun 29, 1976 | 01976-06-29Jun 29, 1976 | United Kingdom | Perhaps sovereign 1790–1794 |
Sierra Leone | 01961-04-27Apr 27, 1961 | 01961-04-27Apr 27, 1961 | United Kingdom | |
Singapore | 01963-08-31Aug 31, 1963 | 01965-08-09Aug 9, 1965 | Malaysia | British colony 1824–1963; occupied by Japan 1942–1945; declared independence, then merged with Malaysia from 1963 until 1965. |
Slovakia | 01993-01-01Jan 1, 1993 | 01993-01-01Jan 1, 1993 | Czechoslovakia | |
Slovenia | 01991-06-25Jun 25, 1991 | 01991-06-25Jun 25, 1991 | Yugoslavia | |
Solomon Islands | 01978-07-07Jul 7, 1978 | 01978-07-07Jul 7, 1978 | United Kingdom | |
Somalia | 01960-07-01Jul 1, 1960 | 01960-07-01Jul 1, 1960 | United Kingdom and Italy | Union of British Somaliland and Trust Territory of Somalia |
South Africa | 01931-12-11Dec 11, 1931 | 01931-12-11Dec 11, 1931 | United Kingdom | Dominion status 1910, Statute of Westminster 1931. |
South Korea | -9700-01-01300 BC | 01948-08-15Aug 15, 1948 | United States | Jin state established in 3rd century BC. Modern state established 1948 after US Army Military Government since 1945. Previously occupied by Japan (1910–1945). |
South Sudan | 02011-07-09Jul 9, 2011 | 02011-07-09Jul 9, 2011 | Sudan | |
Spain | 01479-01-011479 | 01814-01-011814 | France | Union of Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of Aragon in 1479. Previously occupied by Roman Empire, etc. |
Sri Lanka | -9623-01-01377 BC | 01948-02-04Feb 4, 1948 | United Kingdom | Unified as Anuradhapura Kingdom 377 BC – 1017. Conquered by Indian kingdoms, Portuguese, Dutch, and British. |
Sudan | -8930-01-011070 BC | 01956-01-01Jan 1, 1956 | United Kingdom and Egypt | Kingdom of Kush 1070 BC – 350 AD. Later ruled by the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and then as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1956. |
Suriname | 01975-11-25Nov 25, 1975 | 01975-11-25Nov 25, 1975 | Netherlands | |
Swaziland | 01968-09-06Sep 6, 1968 | 01968-09-06Sep 6, 1968 | United Kingdom | |
Sweden | unknown | 01523-06-06Jun 6, 1523 | Denmark | No exact date for consolidation of Sweden. In Kalmar Union 1397–1523. |
Switzerland | 01291-01-011291 | 01815-01-011815 | Austria | Old Swiss Confederacy formed 1291. Occupied by France 1798, then Austria 1813. 1815 Congress of Vienna restored independence. |
Syria | 01946-04-17Apr 17, 1946 | 01961-09-28Sep 28, 1961 | United Arab Republic | |
Tajikistan | 01991-09-09Sep 9, 1991 | 01991-09-09Sep 9, 1991 | Soviet Union | |
Tanzania | 01961-12-09Dec 9, 1961 | 01961-12-09Dec 9, 1961 | United Kingdom | Independent in 1961 as Tanganyika, added Zanzibar in 1963. |
Thailand | 01238-01-011238 | 01945-01-011945 | Japan | Independent from Khmer Empire in 1238. Previously conquered by Burma until 1768. Occupied by Japan 1941–1945. |
Timor-Leste | 01975-11-28Nov 28, 1975 | 02002-05-20May 20, 2002 | United Nations | Ruled by Portugal 1515–1975, occupied by Indonesia 1975–1999, administered by U.N. 1999–2002. |
Togo | 01960-04-27Apr 27, 1960 | 01960-04-27Apr 27, 1960 | France | |
Tonga | 01845-01-011845 | 01970-06-04Jun 4, 1970 | United Kingdom | United 1845 by George Tupou I. British protectorate 1900–1970. |
Trinidad and Tobago | 01962-08-31Aug 31, 1962 | 01962-08-31Aug 31, 1962 | United Kingdom | |
Tunisia | 01956-03-20Mar 20, 1956 | 01956-03-20Mar 20, 1956 | France | Occupations by Rome, Ottoman Empire and France |
Turkey | 01037-01-011037 | 01243-06-26June 26, 1243 | Mongol Empire | Seljuq Empire founded 1037; conquered at 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ |
Turkmenistan | 01991-10-27Oct 27, 1991 | 01991-10-27Oct 27, 1991 | Soviet Union | |
Tuvalu | 01978-10-01Oct 1, 1978 | 01978-10-01Oct 1, 1978 | United Kingdom | |
Uganda | 01962-10-09Oct 9, 1962 | 01962-10-09Oct 9, 1962 | United Kingdom | |
Ukraine | 01918-01-22Jan 22, 1918 | 01991-08-24Aug 24, 1991 | Soviet Union | |
United Arab Emirates | 01971-12-02Dec 2, 1971 | 01971-12-02Dec 2, 1971 | United Kingdom | |
United Kingdom | 00843-01-01843 | 00843-01-01843 (none) | (none) | Kingdom of Scotland unified 843; Kingdom of England unified 927. Tender of Union 1657–1660, Acts of Union 1707, adding Kingdom of Ireland in 1801 (only Northern Ireland from 1922). Partial occupations by Normans, Vikings, Romans. |
United States of America | 01776-07-04Jul 4, 1776 | 01781-10-19Oct 19, 1781 | United Kingdom | Independence declared 1776; British surrender 1781; U.S. recognized by Treaty of Paris 1783. |
Uruguay | 01815-01-011815 | 01828-08-27Aug 27, 1828 | Brazil | Independent 1815–1820 as Liga Federal; occupied 1820 by Portugal/Brazil until 1828 Treaty of Montevideo. |
Uzbekistan | 01991-09-01Sep 1, 1991 | 01991-09-01Sep 1, 1991 | Soviet Union | |
Vanuatu | 01980-07-30July 30, 1980 | 01980-07-30July 30, 1980 | United Kingdom and France | Governed 1906–1980 as the New Hebrides condominium. |
Vatican City | 00756-01-01756 | 01929-02-11Feb 11, 1929 | Italy | Independent as Papal States 756–1870; part of Italy until 1929 Lateran Treaty |
Venezuela | 01811-07-05Jul 5, 1811 | 01830-01-13Jan 13, 1830 | Gran Colombia | Previously a colony of Spain |
Vietnam | -7121-01-012879 BC | 01954-01-011954 | France | Văn Lang confederacy arose 2879 BC under Kinh Dương Vương, founder of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty. Several periods of Chinese domination. French occupation from 1887 until Geneva Conference (1954), interrupted by Japanese occupation (1940–1945). While not an occupation, the United States gave military support to the South Vietnam government until the 1973 Paris Peace Accords. |
Yemen | 01918-11-01Nov 1, 1918 | 01967-11-30Nov 30, 1967 | United Kingdom | North Yemen independent from Ottoman Empire 1918; South Yemen from UK in 1967; unified 1990 |
Zambia | 01964-10-24Oct 24, 1964 | 01964-10-24Oct 24, 1964 | United Kingdom | |
Zimbabwe | 01965-11-11Nov 11, 1965 | 01980-04-18Apr 18, 1980 | United Kingdom | The British colony of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared Independence as Rhodesia 1965; known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979; unrecognised until 1980. |
Country | First acquisition of sovereignty | Date of last subordination | Previous governing power | Notes |
Read more about this topic: List Of Sovereign States By Date Of Formation
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