List of Russian Scientists - Physicians and Psychologists

Physicians and Psychologists

• Aleksandr Bakulev, prominent cardiovascular surgery developer
• Vladimir Bekhterev, neuropathologist, founder of objective psychology, noted the role of the hippocampus in memory, major contributor to reflexology, studied the Bekhterev’s Disease
• Vladimir Betz, discovered Betz cells of primary motor cortex
• Peter Borovsky, described the causative agent of Oriental sore
• Sergey Botkin, major therapist and court physician
• Nikolay Burdenko, major developer of neurosurgery
• Konstantin Buteyko, developed the Buteyko method for the treatment of asthma and other breathing disorders
• Mikhail Chumakov, co-discovered tick-borne encephalitis, co-developed oral polio vaccine
• Livery Darkshevich, neurologist, described the nucleus of posterior commissure
• Vladimir Demikhov, major pioneer of transplantology
• Vladimir Filatov, ophthalmologist, corneal transplantation pioneer
• Svyatoslav Fyodorov, inventor of radial keratotomy
• Georgy Gause, inventor of gramicidin S and other antibiotics
• Oleg Gazenko, founder of space medicine, selected and trained Laika, the first space dog
• Vera Gedroitz, the first female Professor of Surgery in the world
• Ilya Gruzinov, found that vocal folds are the source of phonation
• Waldemar Haffkine, invented the first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague
• Gavriil Ilizarov, invented Ilizarov apparatus, developed distraction osteogenesis
• Nikolai Korotkov, invented auscultatory blood pressure measurement, pioneer of vascular surgery
• Sergey Korsakov, studied the effects of alcoholism on the nervous system, described Korsakoff's syndrome, introduced paranoia concept
• Aleksei Kozhevnikov, neurologist and psychiatrist, described the epilepsia partialis continua
• Aleksey Leontyev, founder of activity theory in psychology
• Peter Lesgaft, founder of the modern system of physical education in Russia
• Alexander Luria, co-developer of activity theory and cultural-historical psychology, major researcher of aphasia
• Ilya Mechnikov, pioneer researcher of immune system, probiotics and phagocytosis; coined the term gerontology, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
• Lazar Minor, neurologist, described Minor's disease
• Pyotr Nikolsky, dermatologist, discoveror of Nikolsky's sign
• Alexey Olovnikov, predicted existence of Telomerase, suggested the Telomere hypothesis of aging and the Telomere relations to cancer
• Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning, influenced comparative psychology and behaviorism by his works on reflexes, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
• Nikolay Pirogov, pioneer of ether anaesthesia and modern field surgery, the first to perform anaesthesia in the field conditions, invented a number of surgical operations
• Leonid Rogozov, performed an appendectomy on himself during the 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition, a famous case of self-surgery
• Grigory Rossolimo, pioneer of child neuropsychology
• Vladimir Roth, neuropathologist, described meralgia paraesthetica
• Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology, author of the classic work Reflexes of the Brain
• Vladimir Serbsky, founder of forensic psychiatry in Russia
• Nikolay Sklifosovskiy, prominent 19th century field surgeon
• Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier
• Fyodor Uglov, the oldest practicing surgeon in history
• Alexander Varshavsky, researched ubiquitination, Wolf Prize in Medicine winner
• Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky, founder of purulent surgery, saint
• Lev Vygotsky, founder of cultural-historical psychology, major contributor to child development and psycholinguistics, introduced zone of proximal development and cultural mediation concepts
• Josias Weitbrecht, the first to describe the construction and function of intervertebral discs
• Sergei Yudin, inventor of cadaveric blood transfusion
• Alexander Zalmanov, developer of turpentine bath therapy
• Bluma Zeigarnik, psychiatrist, discovered the Zeigarnik effect, founded experimental psychopathology