Earth Scientists
- Dmitry Anuchin, anthropologist and geographer, coined the term anthroposphere, determined the location of the Volga river source
- Karl Baer, naturalist, formulated the geological Baer's law on river erosion, co-founder of the Russian Geographical Society
- Lev Berg, determined the depth of Central Asian lakes, including Balkhash and Issyk Kul, a head of the Soviet Geographical Society
- Leonid Brekhovskikh, founder of modern acoustical oceanography, discovered the deep sound channel, the first to observe mesoscale ocean eddies
- Ivan Chersky, paleontologist, geologist and explorer of Siberia, explained the origin of Lake Baikal, pioneered the geomorphological evolution theory
- Pyotr Chikhachyov, early geographer and geologist of Central Asia, discovered Kuznetsk Coal Basin
- Vasily Dokuchaev, founder of soil science, created the first soil classification, determined the five factors for soil formation
- Alexander Fersman, a founder of geochemistry, discovered copper in Monchegorsk, apatites in Khibiny, sulfur in Central Asia
- Boris Golitsyn, inventor of electromagnetic seismograph, the president of International Association of Seismology
- Grigory Gamburtsev, major Soviet seismologist, invented a number of seismological methods and devices
- Ivan Gubkin, founder of the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
- Alexander Karpinsky, geologist and mineralogist, the first President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences
- Alexander Keyserling, naturalist, a founder of Russian geology
- Maria Klenova, a founder of marine geology, polar explorer
- Wladimir Köppen, meteorologist, author of the commonly used Köppen climate classification
- Stepan Krasheninnikov, geographer, the first Russian naturalist, made the first scientific description of Kamchatka
- Alexander Kruber, founder of Russian karstology
- Nikolai Kudryavtsev, author of modern abiogenic theory for origin of petroleum, coordinated oil and gas exploration in Siberia
- Leonid Kulik, meteorite researcher, the first to study the Tunguska event
- Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath, suggested the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber; forerrunner of the continental drift theory, pioneer researcher of atmospheric electricity
- Alexander Middendorf, zoologist and explorer, founder of permafrost science, determined the southern border of permafrost
- Pavel Molchanov, meteorologist, inventor of radiosonde
- Ivan Mushketov, made the first geological map of Turkestan
- Vladimir Obruchev, geologist and explorer, author of the comprehensive Geology of Siberia and two popular science fiction novels, Plutonia and Sannikov Land
- Mikhail Pomortsev, meteorologist, inventor of nephoscope
- Farman Salmanov, discoverer of giant oil fields in West Siberia
- Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, explorer of the Tian Shan Mountains, for 40 years the head of the Russian Geographical Society, prominent statistician and organiser of the first Russian Empire Census
- Nikolay Shatsky, made a comprehensive tectonic map of North Eurasia, introduced Riphean and Baikalian geological stages
- Pyotr Shirshov, polar explorer, founder of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, proved that there is life in high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean
- Yuly Shokalsky, the first head of the Soviet Geographical Society, coined the term World Ocean
- Aleksey Tillo, made the first correct hypsometric map of European Russia, coined the term Central Russian Upland, measured the lengths of main Russian rivers
- Andrey Tikhonov, mathematician and inventor of magnetotellurics in geology
- Vladimir Vernadsky, philosopher and geologist, a founder of geochemistry, biogeochemistry and radiogeology, creator of noosphere theory, popularized the term biosphere
Read more about this topic: List Of Russian Scientists
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