List of Phytochemicals in Food - Terpenes (isoprenoids)

Terpenes (isoprenoids)

• Carotenoids (tetraterpenoids)
  • Carotenes - orange pigments
    • α-Carotene – to vitamin A, in carrots, pumpkins, maize, tangerine, orange.
    • β-Carotene – to vitamin A, in dark, leafy greens and red, orange and yellow fruits and vegetables.
    • γ-Carotene - to vitamin A,
    • δ-Carotene
    • Lycopene – Vietnam Gac, tomatoes, grapefruit, watermelon, guava, apricots, carrots, autumn olive.
    • Neurosporene
    • Phytofluene – star fruit, sweet potato, orange.
    • Phytoene – sweet potato, orange.
  • Xanthophylls - yellow pigments.
    • Canthaxanthin – paprika.
    • Cryptoxanthin to vitamin A, in – mango, tangerine, orange, papaya, peaches, avocado, pea, grapefruit, kiwi.
    • Zeaxanthin – wolfberry, spinach, kale, turnip greens, maize, eggs, red pepper, pumpkin, oranges.
    • Astaxanthin – microalge, yeast, krill, shrimp, salmon, lobsters, and some crabs
    • Lutein – spinach, turnip greens, romaine lettuce, eggs, red pepper, pumpkin, mango, papaya, oranges, kiwi, peaches, squash, legumes, brassicates, prunes, sweet potatoes, honeydew melon, rhubarb, plum, avocado, pear, cilantro.
    • Rubixanthin – rose hips.

• Monoterpenes
  • Limonene – oils of citrus, cherries, spearmint, dill, garlic, celery, maize, rosemary, ginger, basil.
  • Perillyl alcohol – citrus oils, caraway, mints.
• Saponins – soybeans, beans, other legumes, maize, alfalfa.
• Lipids
  • Phytosterols – almonds, cashews, peanuts, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, whole wheat, maize, soybeans, many vegetable oils.
    • Campesterol - buckwheat.
    • beta Sitosterol – avocados, rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils, fennel, peanuts, soybeans, hawthorn, basil, buckwheat.
    • gamma sitosterol
    • Stigmasterol – buckwheat.
  • Tocopherols (vitamin E)
  • omega-3, 6,9 fatty acids – dark-green leafy vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts.
    • gamma-linolenic acid – evening primrose, borage, blackcurrant.

• Triterpenoid
  • Oleanolic acid - American pokeweed, honey mesquite, garlic, java apple, cloves, and many other Syzygium species.
  • Ursolic acid - apples, basil, bilberries, cranberries, elder flower, peppermint, lavender, oregano, thyme, hawthorn, prunes.
  • Betulinic acid - Ber tree, white birch, tropical carnivorous plants Triphyophyllum peltatum and Ancistrocladus heyneanus, Diospyros leucomelas a member of the persimmon family, Tetracera boiviniana, the jambul (Syzygium formosanum), chaga, and many other Syzygium species.
  • Moronic acid - Rhus javanica (a sumac), mistletoe