List of Phytochemicals in Food - Phenolic Compounds

Phenolic Compounds

• Natural monophenols
  • Apiole – parsley
  • Carnosol – rosemary.
  • Carvacrol – oregano, thyme.
  • Dillapiole – dill.
  • Rosemarinol – rosemary.
• Flavonoids (polyphenols) – red, blue, purple pigments.
  • Flavonols
    • Quercetin – red and yellow onions, tea, wine, apples, cranberries, buckwheat, beans.
    • Gingerol – ginger.
    • Kaempferol – strawberries, gooseberries, cranberries, peas, brassicates, chives.
    • Myricetin – grapes, walnuts.
    • Rutin – citrus fruits, buckwheat, parsley, tomato, apricot, rhubarb, tea, pagoda tree fruits.
    • Isorhamnetin
  • Flavanones
    • Hesperidin – citrus fruits.
    • Naringenin – citrus fruits.
    • Silybin – blessed milk thistle.
    • Eriodictyol
  • Flavones
    • Acacetin – Robinia pseudoacacia, Turnera diffusa.
    • Apigenin – chamomile, celery, parsley.
    • Chrysin – Passiflora caerulea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Oroxylum indicum.
    • Diosmetin – Vicia.
    • Tangeritin – tangerine and other citrus peels.
    • Luteolin
  • Flavan-3-ols
    • Catechins – white tea, green tea, black tea, grapes, wine, apple juice, cocoa, lentils, black-eyed peas.
    • (+)-Catechin
    • (+)-Gallocatechin
    • (-)-Epicatechin
    • (-)-Epigallocatechin
    • (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) – green tea;
    • (-)-Epicatechin 3-gallate
    • Theaflavin – black tea;
    • Theaflavin-3-gallate – black tea;
    • Theaflavin-3'-gallate – black tea;
    • Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate – black tea;
    • Thearubigins
  • Anthocyanins (flavonals) and Anthocyanidins – red wine, many red, purple or blue fruits and vegetables.
    • Pelargonidin – bilberry, raspberry, strawberry.
    • Peonidin – bilberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach.
    • Cyanidin – red apple & pear, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach, plum, hawthorn, loganberry, cocoa.
    • Delphinidin – bilberry, blueberry, eggplant.
    • Malvidin – bilberry, blueberry.
    • Petunidin
  • Isoflavones (phytoestrogens)
    • Daidzein (formononetin) – soy, alfalfa sprouts, red clover, chickpeas, peanuts, kudzu, other legumes.
    • Genistein (biochanin A) – soy, alfalfa sprouts, red clover, chickpeas, peanuts, other legumes.
    • Glycitein – soy.
  • Dihydroflavonols
  • Chalconoids
  • Coumestans (phytoestrogens)
    • Coumestrol – red clover, alfalfa sprouts, soy, peas, brussels sprouts.
• Phenolic acids
  • Ellagic acid – walnuts, strawberries, cranberries, blackberries, guava, grapes.
  • Gallic acid – tea, mango, strawberries, rhubarb, soy.
  • Salicylic acid – peppermint, licorice, peanut, wheat.
  • Tannic acid – nettles, tea, berries.
  • Vanillin – vanilla beans, cloves.
  • Capsaicin – chilli peppers.
  • Curcumin – turmeric, mustard. (Oxidizes to vanillin.)
• Hydroxycinnamic acids
  • Caffeic acid – burdock, hawthorn, artichoke, pear, basil, thyme, oregano, apple.
  • Chlorogenic acid – echinacea, strawberries, pineapple, coffee, sunflower, blueberries.
  • Cinnamic acid – cinnamon, aloe.
  • Ferulic acid – oats, rice, artichoke, orange, pineapple, apple, peanut.
  • Coumarin – citrus fruits, maize.
• Lignans (phytoestrogens) – seeds (flax, sesame, pumpkin, sunflower, poppy), whole grains (rye, oats, barley), bran (wheat, oat, rye), fruits (particularly berries) and vegetables.
  • Silymarin – artichokes, milk thistle.
  • Matairesinol – flax seed, sesame seed, rye bran and meal, oat bran, poppy seed, strawberries, blackcurrants, broccoli.
  • Secoisolariciresinol – flax seeds, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pumpkin, strawberries, blueberries, cranberries, zucchini, blackcurrant, carrots.
  • Pinoresinol and lariciresinol – sesame seed, Brassica vegetables
• Tyrosol esters
  • Tyrosol – olive oil
  • Hydroxytyrosol – olive oil
  • Oleocanthal – olive oil
  • Oleuropein – olive oil

• Stilbenoids
  • Resveratrol – grape skins and seeds, wine, nuts, peanuts, Japanese Knotweed root
  • Pterostilbene – grapes, blueberries
  • Piceatannol – grapes

• Punicalagins – pomegranates

• Alkylresorcinols – wholegrain wheat, rye and barley