Plantains (Plantago spp.) are used as food plants by the caterpillars of a number of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). These include:
- Arctiidae
- Hypercompe cermellii
- Hypercompe scribonia (Giant Leopard Moth)
- Spilosoma luteum (Buff Ermine)
- Crambidae
- Diasemia reticularis
- Dolicharthria punctalis
- Geometridae
- Idaea biselata (Small Fan-footed Wave)
- Lycaenidae
- Candalides heathi (Rayed Blue)
- Lymantriidae
- Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Brown-tail)
- Noctuidae
- Agrotis exclamationis (Heart and Dart)
- Amphipyra tragopoginis (Mouse Moth)
- Mamestra brassicae (Cabbage Moth)
- Naenia typica (The Gothic)
- Noctua comes (Lesser Yellow Underwing)
- Noctua pronuba (Large Yellow Underwing)
- Ochropleura plecta (Flame Shoulder)
- Xestia c-nigrum (Setaceous Hebrew Character)
- Xestia sexstrigata (Six-striped Rustic)
- Nymphalidae
- Junonia coenia (Common Buckeye)
- Junonia villida (Meadow Argus)
- Melitaea athalia (Heath Fritillary) – recorded on Ribwort Plantain (P. lanceolata), Greater Plantain (P. major), Alpine Plantain (P. alpina) and possibly others
- Melitaea aurelia (Nickerl's Fritillary) – recorded on Ribwort Plantain (P. lanceolata)
- Melitaea cinxia (Glanville Fritillary)
- Melitaea didyma (Spotted Fritillary) – recorded on Ribwort Plantain (P. lanceolata)
- Melitaea parthenoides (European Meadow Fritillary) – recorded on Ribwort Plantain (P. lanceolata) and others
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