Knight's Cross of The Iron Cross
The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross is based on the enactment Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 1573 of 1 September 1939 Verordnung über die Erneuerung des Eisernen Kreuzes (Regulation of the renewing of the Iron Cross).
Number | Name | Rank | Unit | Date of award | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Prien, GüntherGünther Prien | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-47 | 01939-10-1818 October 1939 | Awarded 5th Oak Leaves on 20 October 1940 |
2 | Schultze, HerbertHerbert Schultze | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-48 | 01940-03-011 March 1940 | Awarded 15th Oak Leaves on 12 June 1941 |
3 | Dönitz, KarlKarl Dönitz | Konteradmiral | commander in chief of U-boat operations Befehlshaber der U-Boote |
01940-04-2121 April 1940 | Awarded 223rd Oak Leaves on 6 April 1943 |
4 | Hartmann, WernerWerner Hartmann | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-37 | 01940-05-099 May 1940 | Awarded 645th Oak Leaves on 5 November 1944 |
5 | Schuhart, OttoOtto Schuhart | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-29 | 01940-05-1616 May 1940 | |
6 | Rollmann, WilhelmWilhelm Rollmann | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-34 | 01940-07-3131 July 1940 | killed in action 5 November 1943 |
7 | Kretschmer, OttoOtto Kretschmer | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-99 | 01940-08-044 August 1940 | Awarded 6th Oak Leaves on 4 November 1940 and 5. Swords on 26 December 1941 |
8 | Liebe, HeinrichHeinrich Liebe | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-38 | 01940-08-1414 August 1940 | Awarded 13th Oak Leaves on 10 June 1941 |
9 | Lemp, Fritz-JuliusFritz-Julius Lemp | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-30 | 01940-08-1414 August 1940 | killed in action 9 May 1941 |
10 | Rösing, Hans-RudolfHans-Rudolf Rösing | Korvettenkapitän | chief of the 7. Unterseebootsflottille and commander of U-48 | 01940-08-2929 August 1940 | |
11 | Frauenheim, FritzFritz Frauenheim | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-101 | 01940-08-2929 August 1940 | |
12 | Endrass, EngelbertEngelbert Endrass | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-46 | 01940-09-055 September 1940 | Awarded 14th Oak Leaves on 10 June 1941 |
13 | Kuhnke, GünterGünter Kuhnke | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-28 | 01940-09-1919 September 1940 | |
14 | Schepke, JoachimJoachim Schepke | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-100 | 01940-09-2424 September 1940 | Awarded 7th Oak Leaves on 1 December 1940 |
15 | Jenisch, HansHans Jenisch | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-32 | 01940-10-077 October 1940 | |
16 | Oehrn, VictorVictor Oehrn | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-37 | 01940-10-2121 October 1940 | |
17 | Suhren, GerdGerd Suhren | Oberleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-37 | 01940-10-2121 October 1940 | |
18 | Bleichrodt, HeinrichHeinrich Bleichrodt | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-48 | 01940-10-2424 October 1940 | Awarded 125th Oak Leaves on 23 September 1942 |
19 | Luth, WolfgangWolfgang Lüth | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-138 | 01940-10-2424 October 1940 | Awarded 142nd Oak Leaves 13 November 1942, 29th Swords on 15 April 1943 and 7th Diamonds on 9 August 1943 |
20 | Suhren, ReinhardReinhard Suhren | Oberleutnant zur See | 1st officer on U-48 | 01940-11-033 November 1940 | Awarded 56th Oak Leaves on 31 December 1941 and 18th Swords on 1 September 1942 |
21 | Petersen, HeinrichHeinrich Petersen | Stabsobersteuermann | watch officer and coxswain on U-99 | 01940-11-055 November 1940 | |
22 | Schütze, ViktorViktor Schütze | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-103 | 01940-12-1111 December 1940 | Awarded 23rd Oak Leaves on 14 July 1941 |
23 | Stockhausen, Hans-Gerrit vonHans-Gerrit von Stockhausen | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-65 | 01941-01-1414 January 1941 | |
24 | Moehle, Karl-HeinzKarl-Heinz Moehle | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-123 | 01941-02-2626 February 1941 | |
25 | Lehmann-Willenbrock, HeinrichHeinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-96 | 01941-02-2626 February 1941 | Awarded 51st Oak Leaves on 31 December 1941 |
26 | Oesten, JürgenJürgen Oesten | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-106 | 01941-03-2626 March 1941 | |
27 | Schulz, Georg-WilhelmGeorg-Wilhelm Schulz | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-124 | 01941-04-044 April 1941 | |
28 | Zurn, ErichErich Zürn | Oberleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-48 | 01941-04-2323 April 1941 | |
29 | Kuppisch, HerbertHerbert Kuppisch | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-94 | 01941-05-1414 May 1941 | killed in action 27 August 1943 |
30 | Wohlfarth, HerbertHerbert Wohlfarth | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-556 | 01941-05-1515 May 1941 | |
31 | Schewe, GeorgGeorg Schewe | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-105 | 01941-05-2323 May 1941 | |
32 | Korth, ClausClaus Korth | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-93 | 01941-05-2929 May 1941 | |
33 | Topp, ErichErich Topp | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-552 | 01941-06-2020 June 1941 | Awarded 87th Oak Leaves on 11 April 1942 and 17th Swords on 17 August 1942 |
34 | Hessler, GüntherGünther Hessler | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-107 | 01941-06-2424 June 1941 | |
35 | Metzler, JostJost Metzler | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-69 | 01941-07-2828 July 1941 | |
36 | Schnee, AdalbertAdalbert Schnee | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-201 | 01941-08-3030 August 1941 | Awarded 105th Oak Leaves on 15 July 1942 |
37 | Mutzelburg, RolfRolf Mützelburg | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-203 | 01941-11-1717 November 1941 | Awarded 104th Oak Leaves on 15 July 1942 |
38 | Mengersen, ErnstErnst Mengersen | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-101 | 01941-11-1818 November 1941 | |
39 | Guggenberger, FriedrichFriedrich Guggenberger | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-81 | 01941-12-1010 December 1941 | Awarded 171st Oak Leaves on 8 January 1943 |
40 | Scholtz, KlausKlaus Scholtz | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-108 | 01941-12-2626 December 1941 | Awarded 123rd Oak Leaves on 10 September 1942 |
41 | Bigalk, GerhardGerhard Bigalk | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-751 | 01941-12-2626 December 1941 | killed in action 17 July 1942 |
42 | Kentrat, Eitel-FriedrichEitel-Friedrich Kentrat | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-74 | 01941-12-3131 December 1941 | |
43 | Gysae, RobertRobert Gysae | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-98 | 01941-12-3131 December 1941 | Awarded 250th Oak Leaves on 31 May 1943 |
44 | Hardegen, ReinhardReinhard Hardegen | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-123 | 01942-01-2323 January 1942 | Awarded 89th Oak Leaves on 23 April 1942 |
45 | Tiesenhausen, Hans-Dietrich vonHans-Dietrich Freiherr von Tiesenhausen | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-331 | 01942-01-2727 January 1942 | |
46 | Clausen, NicolaiNicolai Clausen | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-129 | 01942-03-1313 March 1942 | killed in action 16 May 1943 |
47 | Bauer, ErnstErnst Bauer | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-126 | 01942-03-1616 March 1942 | |
48 | Mohr, JohannJohann Mohr | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-124 | 01942-03-2727 March 1942 | Awarded 177th Oak Leaves on 13 January 1943 |
49 | Ites, OttoOtto Ites | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-94 | 01942-03-2828 March 1942 | |
50 | Zapp, Robert-RichardRobert-Richard Zapp | Korvettenkapitän | comannder of U-66 | 01942-04-2323 April 1942 | |
51 | Winter, WernerWerner Winter | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-103 | 01942-06-055 June 1942 | |
52 | Cremer, Peter-ErichPeter-Erich Cremer | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-333 | 01942-06-055 June 1942 | |
53 | Merten, Karl-FriedrichKarl-Friedrich Merten | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-68 | 01942-06-1313 June 1942 | Awarded 147th Oak Leaves on 16 November 1942 |
54 | Kraus, Hans-WernerHans-Werner Kraus | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-83 | 01942-06-1919 June 1942 | |
55 | Rostin, ErwinErwin Rostin | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-158 | 01942-06-2828 June 1942 | |
56 | Schultze, Heinz-OttoHeinz-Otto Schultze | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-432 | 01942-07-099 July 1942 | killed in action 25 November 1943 |
57 | Lassen, GeorgGeorg Lassen | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-160 | 01942-08-1010 August 1942 | Awarded 208th Oak Leaves on 7 March 1943 |
58 | Rosenbaum, HelmutHelmut Rosenbaum | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-73 | 01942-08-1212 August 1942 | |
59 | Piening, AdolfAdolf Piening | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-155 | 01942-08-1313 August 1942 | |
60 | Schonder, HeinrichHeinrich Schonder | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-77 | 01942-08-1919 August 1942 | killed in action 28 June 1943 |
61 | Thurmann, KarlKarl Thurmann | Korvettenkapitän | comannder of U-553 | 01942-08-2424 August 1942 | missing in action 28 January 1943 |
62 | Kals, ErnstErnst Kals | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-130 | 01942-09-011 September 1942 | |
63 | Hartenstein, WernerWerner Hartenstein | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-156 | 01942-09-1717 September 1942 | killed in action 8 March 1943 |
64 | Krech, GüntherGünther Krech | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-558 | 01942-09-1717 September 1942 | |
65 | Bulow, Otto vonOtto von Bülow | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-404 | 01942-10-2020 October 1942 | Awarded 234th Oak Leaves on 26 April 1943 |
66 | Witte, HelmutHelmut Witte | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-159 | 01942-10-2222 October 1942 | |
67 | Strelow, SiegfriedSiegfried Strelow | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-435 | 01942-10-2727 October 1942 | killed in action 15 July 1943 |
68 | Poske, FritzFritz Poske | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-504 | 01942-11-066 November 1942 | |
69 | Emmermann, CarlCarl Emmermann | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-172 | 01942-11-2727 November 1942 | Awarded 256th Oak Leaves on 4 July 1943 |
70 | Muller-Stockheim, GuntherGünther Müller-Stöckheim | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-67 | 01942-11-2727 November 1942 | killed in action 16 July 1943 |
71 | Dommes, WilhelmWilhelm Dommes | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-431 | 01942-12-022 December 1942 | |
72 | Witt, HansHans Witt | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-129 | 01942-12-1717 December 1942 | |
73 | Henke, WernerWerner Henke | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-515 | 01942-12-1717 December 1942 | Awarded 257th Oak Leaves on 4 July 1943 |
74 | Rasch, HermannHermann Rasch | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-106 | 01942-12-2929 December 1942 | |
75 | Schacht, HarroHarro Schacht | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-507 | 01943-01-099 January 1943 | killed in action 14 January 1943 |
76 | Achilles, AlbrechtAlbrecht Achilles | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-161 | 01943-01-1616 January 1943 | killed in action 27 September 1943 |
77 | Schneider, HerbertHerbert Schneider | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-522 | 01943-01-1616 January 1943 | killed in action 24 February 1943 |
78 | Heyse, UlrichUlrich Heyse | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-128 | 01943-01-2121 January 1943 | |
79 | Brandi, AlbrechtAlbrecht Brandi | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-617 | 01943-01-2121 January 1943 | Awarded 224th Oak Leaves on 11 April 1943, 66th Swords on 9 May 1944 and 22nd Diamonds on 24 November 1944 |
80 | Forstner, Siegfried Freiherr vonSiegfried Freiherr von Forstner | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-402 | 01943-02-099 February 1943 | killed in action 13 October 1943 |
81 | Bielig, GerhardGerhard Bielig | Kapitänleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-177 | 01943-02-1010 February 1943 | |
82 | Wurdemann, ErichErich Würdemann | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-506 | 01943-03-1414 March 1943 | killed in action 14 July 1943 |
83 | Reche, ReinhartReinhart Reche | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-255 | 01943-03-1717 March 1943 | |
84 | Trojer, Hans-HartwigHans-Hartwig Trojer | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-221 | 01943-03-2424 March 1943 | |
85 | Gelhaus, HaraldHarald Gelhaus | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-107 | 01943-03-2626 March 1943 | |
86 | Neitzel, KarlKarl Neitzel | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-510 | 01943-03-2727 March 1943 | |
87 | Seibicke, GüntherGünther Seibicke | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-436 | 01943-03-2727 March 1943 | killed in action 26 May 1943 |
88 | Folkers, UlrichUlrich Folkers | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-125 | 01943-03-2727 March 1943 | killed in action 6 May 1943 |
89 | Heidtmann, HansHans Heidtmann | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-559 | 01943-04-1212 April 1943 | |
90 | Mohlmann, HelmutHelmut Möhlmann | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-571 | 01943-04-1616 April 1943 | |
91 | Jahn, GunterGunter Jahn | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-596 | 01943-04-3030 April 1943 | |
92 | Franken, WilhelmWilhelm Franken | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-565 | 01943-04-3030 April 1943 | killed in action 13 January 1945 |
93 | Bargsten, KlausKlaus Bargsten | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-521 | 01943-04-3030 April 1943 | |
94 | Heydemann, GüntherGünther Heydemann | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-575 | 01943-07-033 July 1943 | |
95 | Markworth, FriedrichFriedrich Markworth | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-66 | 01943-07-088 July 1943 | |
96 | Staats, GeorgGeorg Staats | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-508 | 01943-07-1414 July 1943 | killed in action 12 November 1943 |
97 | Kelbling, GerdGerd Kelbling | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-593 | 01943-08-1818 August 1943 | |
98 | Panknin, HerbertHerbert Panknin | Kapitänleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-106 | 01943-09-044 September 1943 | |
99 | Lechtenbörger, Dipl.-Ing. WilliDipl.-Ing. Willi Lechtenbörger* | Oberleutnant (Ing.) of the Reserves | chief engineer on U-847 | 01943-09-044 September 1943 | killed in action 27 August 1943 |
100 | Krey, HeinzHeinz Krey* | Leutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-752 | 01943-09-044 September 1943 | killed in action 23 May 1943 |
101 | Maus, AugustAugust Maus | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-185 | 01943-09-2121 September 1943 | |
102 | Schöneboom, DietrichDietrich Schöneboom | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-431 | 01943-10-2020 October 1943 | killed in action 23 October 1943 |
103 | Landfermann, Carl-AugustCarl-August Landfermann | Oberleutnant (Ing.) of the Reserves | chief engineer on U-181 | 01943-10-2727 October 1943 | |
104 | Rohweder, HellmutHellmut Rohweder | Kapitänleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-69 and U-514 | 01943-11-1414 November 1943 | |
105 | Schlippenbach, Egon-Reiner vonEgon-Reiner Freiherr von Schlippenbach | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-453 | 01943-11-1919 November 1943 | |
106 | Fenski, Horst-ArnoHorst-Arno Fenski | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-410 | 01943-11-2626 November 1943 | |
107 | Franke, HeinzHeinz Franke | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-262 | 01943-11-3030 November 1943 | |
108 | Teichert, Max-MartinMax-Martin Teichert* | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-456 | 01943-12-1919 December 1943 | killed in action 12 May 1943 |
109 | Koitschka, SiegfriedSiegfried Koitschka | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-616 | 01944-01-2727 January 1944 | |
110 | Hellriegel, Hans-JürgenHans-Jürgen Hellriegel | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-543 | 01944-02-033 February 1944 | killed in action 2 July 1944 |
111 | Lüdden, SiegfriedSiegfried Lüdden | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-188 | 01944-02-1111 February 1944 | killed on active service 13 January 1945 |
112 | Wessels, Johann-FriedrichJohann-Friedrich Wessels | Kapitänleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-198 | 01944-03-099 March 1944 | |
113 | Poel, GustavGustav Poel | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-413 | 01944-03-2121 March 1944 | |
114 | Mehl, WaldemarWaldemar Mehl | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-371 | 01944-03-2828 March 1944 | |
115 | Eick, AlfredAlfred Eick | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-510 | 01944-03-3131 March 1944 | |
116 | Olschewski, GeorgGeorg Olschewski | Oberleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-66 | 01944-04-2323 April 1944 | |
117 | Kaeding, WalterWalter Käding | Obersteuermann | 3rd watch officer and coxswain on U-123 | 01944-05-1515 May 1944 | |
118 | Hofmann, HorstHorst Hofmann | Obersteuermann | coxswain and watch officer on U-672 | 01944-05-2020 May 1944 | |
119 | Wiebe, Karl-HeinzKarl-Heinz Wiebe | Kapitänleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-178 | 01944-05-2222 May 1944 | |
120 | Schroeter, Horst vonHorst von Schroeter | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-123 | 01944-06-011 June 1944 | |
— | Krieg, Johann-OttoJohann-Otto Krieg | Oberleutnant zur See | chief of the Kleinkampfflottille 361 | 01944-07-088 July 1944 | |
121 | König, ReinhardReinhard König | Oberleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-123 | 01944-07-088 July 1944 | |
122 | Sieder, HeinzHeinz Sieder | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-984 | 01944-07-088 July 1944 | killed in action 20 August 1944 |
123 | Fleige, KarlKarl Fleige | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-18 | 01944-07-1818 July 1944 | |
124 | Marbach, Karl-HeinzKarl-Heinz Marbach | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-953 | 01944-07-2222 July 1944 | |
125 | Stuckmann, HermannHermann Stuckmann | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-621 | 01944-08-1111 August 1944 | killed in action 23 August 1944 |
126 | Dammeier, HeinrichHeinrich Dammeier | Stabsobermaschinist | lead machinist on U-270 | 01944-08-1212 August 1944 | |
127 | Lange, Hans-GüntherHans-Günther Lange | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-711 | 01944-08-2626 August 1944 | Awarded 853rd Oak Leaves on 29 April 1945 |
128 | Timm, HeinrichHeinrich Timm | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-862 | 01944-09-1717 September 1944 | |
129 | Schaar, GerhardGerhard Schaar | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-957 | 01944-10-011 October 1944 | |
130 | Förster, Hans-JoachimHans-Joachim Förster | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-480 | 01944-12-1818 December 1944 | killed in action 24 February 1945 |
131 | Brasack, PaulPaul Brasack | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-737 | 01944-10-3030 October 1944 | |
132 | Muhlbauer, RudolfRudolf Mühlbauer | Oberbootsmannsmaat | leading seaman of the bridge (Brückenmaat) on U-123 | 01944-12-1010 December 1944 | |
133 | Pulst, GüntherGünther Pulst | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-978 | 01944-12-2121 December 1944 | |
134 | Thomsen, RolfRolf Thomsen | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-1202 | 01945-01-044 January 1945 | Awarded 852nd Oak Leaves on 29 April 1945 |
135 | Hechler, ErnstErnst Hechler | Korvettenkapitän | commander of U-870 | 01945-01-2121 January 1945 | |
136 | Dobratz, Dr. jur. KurtDr. jur. Kurt Dobratz | Kapitän zur See | commander of U-1232 | 01945-01-2323 January 1945 | |
137 | Limbach, JohannesJohannes Limbach | Leutnant zur See | 1st officer on U-181 | 01945-02-066 February 1945 | |
138 | Hess, Hans-GeorgHans-Georg Hess | Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserves | commander of U-995 | 01945-02-1111 February 1945 | |
139 | Westphalen, OttoOtto Westphalen | Oberleutnant zur See | commander of U-968 | 01945-03-2323 March 1945 | |
140 | Lichtenberg, PhilippPhilipp Lichtenberg | Kapitänleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-516 | 01945-03-3131 March 1945 | |
141 | Johannsen, HansHans Johannsen | Oberleutnant (Ing.) | chief engineer on U-802 | 01945-03-3131 March 1945 | |
142 | Praßdorf, HeinrichHeinrich Praßdorf | Obermaschinist | lead machinist on U-1203 | 01945-04-2121 April 1945 | |
143 | Schroeteler, HeinrichHeinrich Schroeteler | Kapitänleutnant | commander of U-1023 | 01945-05-022 May 1945 | |
144 | Lehmann, HansHans Lehmann | Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserves | commander of U-997 | 01945-05-077 May 1945 |
Read more about this topic: List Of Knight's Cross Of The Iron Cross Recipients Of The U-boat Service
Famous quotes containing the words knight, cross and/or iron:
“The Knight of the Doleful Countenance.”
—Miguel De Cervantes (15471616)
“It was mankind that hung on the cross for two thousand years: and a terrible god practiced his cruelty and called it love.”
—Friedrich Nietzsche (18441900)
“Let us roll all our strength, and all
Our sweetness, up into one ball:
And tear our pleasures with rough strife,
Thorough the iron gates of life.
Thus, though we cannot make our sun
Stand still, yet we will make him run.”
—Andrew Marvell (16211678)