Anthems
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| Country | National anthem title in local language(s) |
English translation of title | Period | Lyrics writer | Music writer | Audio | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Soroud-e-Melli | National Anthem | 1943–1973 | Makhtar, MohammedMohammed Makhtar | Farukh, MohammedMohammed Farukh | — | |
| Afghanistan | Soroud-e-Melli | National Anthem | 1973–1978 | Benawa, Abdul RaufAbdul Rauf Benawa | Brechna, Abdul GhafurAbdul Ghafur Brechna | — | |
| Afghanistan | Soroud-e-Melli | National Anthem | 1978–1992 | Laeq, SuleimanSuleiman Laeq | Ghahlānd, JalīlJalīl Ghahlānd | — | |
| Afghanistan | Soroud-e-Melli | National Anthem | 1992–1999 2002–2006 |
Zz !Unknown | Qasim, UstadUstad Qasim | — | |
| Austrian Empire | Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser | God Save Emperor Francis | 1804–1835 1848–1854 |
Haschka, Lorenz LeopoldLorenz Leopold Haschka | Haydn, JosephJoseph Haydn |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser |
|
| Austrian Empire | Segen Öst'reichs hohem Sohne | Blessings to Austria's high son | 1835–1848 | Zedlitz, Joseph Christian vonJoseph Christian von Zedlitz | Haydn, JosephJoseph Haydn |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Segen Öst'reichs hohem Sohne |
|
| Austrian Empire | Volkshymne | Anthem of the People | 1854–1867 | Seidl, Johann GabrielJohann Gabriel Seidl | Haydn, JosephJoseph Haydn |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze / Unsern Kaiser, unser Land! |
|
| Austria-Hungary | Volkshymne | Anthem of the People | 1867–1918 | Seidl, Johann GabrielJohann Gabriel Seidl | Haydn, JosephJoseph Haydn |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze / Unsern Kaiser, unser Land! |
|
| Austria | Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land | German Austria, you wonderful country | 1920–1929 (de facto) |
Renner, KarlKarl Renner | Kienzl, WilhelmWilhelm Kienzl | — | — |
| Austria | Sei gesegnet ohne Ende | Be Blessed Without End | 1929–1938 | Kernstock, OttokarOttokar Kernstock | Haydn, JosephJoseph Haydn |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Sei gesegnet ohne Ende |
|
| Bavaria | Bayernhymne | Hymn of Bavaria | 1806–1871 | Öchsner, MichaelMichael Öchsner | Kunz, MaxMax Kunz | — | — |
| Biafra | Land of the Rising Sun | — | 1967–1970 | Zz !Unknown | Sibelius, JeanJean Sibelius | — | — |
| Bophuthatswana | Lefatshe leno la bo-rrarona | This Land of Our Forefathers | 1976–1994 | Ntsime, J. M.J. M. Ntsime | Mathibe, E. B.E. B. Mathibe J. J. Loots |
— | — |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Jedna si jedina | One and Only !The One and Only | 1992–1998 | Dervishalidović, EdinEdin Dervishalidović | Dervishalidović, EdinEdin Dervishalidović | — | — |
| Bulgaria | Shumi Maritsa | Maritsa Rushes | 1886–1944 | Zhivkov, NikolaNikola Zhivkov | Vazov, IvanIvan Vazov | — | |
| Bulgaria | Republiko nasha, zdravey! | Hail to our Republic! | 1944–1950 | Penev, KrumKrum Penev | Dimitrov, GeorgiGeorgi Dimitrov | — | — |
| Bulgaria | Balgariyo mila | Dear Bulgaria | 1950–1964 | Furnadshiev, NikolaNikola Furnadshiev Mladen Issaev Elisaveta Bagrjana |
Dimitrov, GeorgiGeorgi Dimitrov Georgi Zlatev-Tscherkin Svetoslav Obretenov |
— | — |
| Cambodia | Dap Prampi Mesa Chokchey | Glorious Seventeenth of April | 1976–1979 | Zz !Unknown | Zz !Unknown | — | — |
| Cape Verde | Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada | This Is Our Beloved Country | 1975–1996 | Cabral, AmílcarAmílcar Cabral | Cabral, AmílcarAmílcar Cabral | — | |
| Central America | La Granadera | Grenadier !The Grenadier | 1823–1839 | Durón, RómuloRómulo Durón | Zz !Unknown |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. La Granadera |
— |
| China Qing ! Qing China | Gong Jin'ou | Cup of Solid Gold | 1911–1912 | Fu, YanYan Fu | Tong, BoBo Tong | — | — |
| China ! Republic of China | Qing yun gē | Song to the Auspicious !The Song to the Auspicious Cloud | 1921–1926 | Taiyan, ZhangZhang Taiyan | Youmei, XiaoXiao Youmei |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Qing yun gē |
— |
| China ! Republic of China | Guómín gémìng gē | Revolution of the Citizens | 1926–1928 | Qianwu, LiaoLiao Qianwu | Traditional |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Guómín gémìng gē |
— |
| China Soviet ! Chinese Soviet Republic | Guójìgē | Internationale !The Internationale | 1931–1937 | Qiubai, QuQu Qiubai | De Geyter, PierrePierre De Geyter | ] ] | |
| Ciskei | Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika | God Bless Africa | 1976–1994 | Sontonga, EnochEnoch Sontonga | Parry, JosephJoseph Parry | — | — |
| Confederate States of America | God Save the South | — | 1861–1865 (de facto) |
Miles, George HenryGeorge Henry Miles | Ellerbrock, CharlesCharles Ellerbrock | — | |
| Congo-Brazzaville ! Republic of the Congo | Les Trois Glorieuses | Three Glorious Days !The Three Glorious Days | 1969–1991 | Lopès, HenriHenri Lopès | Mockouamy, PhilippePhilippe Mockouamy | — | — |
| Corsican Republic | Dio vi Salvi Regina | God Save Our Queen | 1755–1769 (de facto) |
de Geronimo, FrancisFrancis de Geronimo | de Geronimo, FrancisFrancis de Geronimo | — | — |
| Corsica ! Anglo-Corsican Kingdom | Dio vi Salvi Regina | God Save Our Queen | 1794–1796 | de Geronimo, FrancisFrancis de Geronimo | de Geronimo, FrancisFrancis de Geronimo | — | — |
| Kingdom of Egypt | Eslami ya Misr | Be Safe Oh Egypt | 1923–1936 | Al-Rafe'ie, Mostafa SaadeqMostafa Saadeq Al-Rafe'ie | Ali, SafarSafar Ali | — | |
| Egypt | Walla Zaman Ya Selahy | Oh My Weapon | 1971–1979 | Jahin, SalahSalah Jahin | Al Taweel, KamalKamal Al Taweel | — | — |
| France | Vive Henri IV | Long live Henri IV !Long live Henri IV | 16th century-1792 | Zz !Unknown | Zz !Unknown |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Vive Henri IV |
— |
| France | Chant du départ | Song of the Departure | 1799–1815 | Chénier, Marie-JosephMarie-Joseph Chénier | Méhul, Étienne NicolasÉtienne Nicolas Méhul |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Chant du départ |
|
| France | Le Retour des Princes français à Paris | Return of the French Princes !The Return of the French Princes to Paris | 1814–1815 1815–1830 |
Zz !Unknown | Castil-Blaze, François-HenriFrançois-Henri Castil-Blaze |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Le Retour des Princes français à Paris |
— |
| France | La Parisienne | Parisian !The Parisian | 1830–1848 | Delavigne, CasimirCasimir Delavigne | Auber, DanielDaniel Auber | — | — |
| France | Le Chant des Girondins | Song of Girondists !The Song of Girondists | 1848–1852 | Dumas, AlexandreAlexandre Dumas Auguste Maquet Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle |
Varney, AlphonseAlphonse Varney | — | — |
| France | Partant pour la Syrie | Departing for Syria | 1852–1870 | de Laborde, AlexandreAlexandre de Laborde | de Beauharnais, HortenseHortense de Beauharnais | — | — |
| Georgia | Dideba | Praise | 1918–1920 1990–2004 |
Potskhverashvili, KoteKote Potskhverashvili | Potskhverashvili, KoteKote Potskhverashvili |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Dideba |
— |
| German Empire | Heil dir im Siegerkranz | Hail to Thee in Victor's Crown | 1871–1918 | Harries, HeinrichHeinrich Harries | Zz !Unknown (same tune as God Save the Queen) |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Heil dir im Sigerkranz |
— |
| Germany | Das Lied der Deutschen | Song of the Germans !The Song of the Germans | 1918–1933 | von Fallersleben, August Heinrich HoffmannAugust Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben | Haydn, JosephJoseph Haydn |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Das Lied der Deutschen |
|
| Germany | Das Lied der Deutschen | Song of the Germans !The Song of the Germans | 1933–1945 | von Fallersleben, August Heinrich HoffmannAugust Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben | Haydn, JosephJoseph Haydn |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Das Lied der Deutschen |
|
| German Democratic Republic | Auferstanden aus Ruinen | Arisen from Ruins | 1949–1990 | Becher, Johannes R.Johannes R. Becher | Eisler, HannsHanns Eisler | 80px Auferstanden aus Ruinen | — |
| Hawaii | God Save the King | — | 1810–1860 | Zz !Unknown | Zz !Unknown |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. God Save the King |
— |
| Hawaii | E Ola Ke Alii Ke Akua | God Save the King | 1860–1866 | Lunalilo | Zz !Unknown | — | — |
| Hawaii | He Mele Lahui Hawaii | song of the Hawaiian nation !The Song of the Hawaiian Nation | 1866–1876 | Liliuokalani | Zz !Unknown | — | — |
| Hawaii | Hawaii Ponoi | Hawaii's Own True Sons | 1876–1893 | Kalakaua | Berger, HenriHenri Berger | — | — |
| Hong Kong | God Save The Queen Tin Jau Neo Wong' |
— | 1841-1941 1945-1997 |
Zz !Unknown | Zz !Unknown |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. God Save the Queen |
— |
| Honduras | La Granadera | Grenadier !The Grenadier | 1838–1915 | Durón, RómuloRómulo Durón | Zz !Unknown |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. La Granadera |
— |
| Honduras | Himno Nacional de Honduras | National Anthem of Honduras !National Anthem of Honduras | -1915 | Zz !Unknown | Zz !L. Campos | — | — |
| Iran | Salamati-ye Shah | Health of the Shah | 1868–1933 | Zz !Unknown | Lemaire, Alfred Jean BaptisteAlfred Jean Baptiste Lemaire | — | — |
| Iran | Sorood-e Shahanshahi Iran | Imperial Salute of Iran | 1933–1979 | Zz !Unknown | Zz !Unknown |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Sorood-e Shahanshahi Iran |
— |
| Iran | Ey Iran | Oh Iran | 1979–1980 | Gol-e-Golab, HosseinHossein Gol-e-Golab | Banan, Gholam HosseinGholam Hossein Banan |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Ey Iran |
— |
| Iran | Payandeh Bada Iran | A Lasting Iran | 1980–1990 | Halat, AbolghasemAbolghasem Halat Mohammad Beglary-Pour |
Beglary-Pour, MohammadMohammad Beglary-Pour | — | — |
| Iraq | Ardulfurataini Watan | Land of The Two Rivers !The Land of The Two Rivers | 1979–2003 | Alkamali, ShafiqShafiq Alkamali | Gholmieh, Walid GeorgesWalid Georges Gholmieh | — | — |
| Italy | Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza | Royal March of Ordinance | 1861–1946 | Zz !Unknown | Gabetti, GiuseppeGiuseppe Gabetti | — | — |
| Korean Empire | Daehan jeguk aegukga | Patriotic song of the Korean Empire | 1902–1910 | Zz !Unknown | Eckert, FranzFranz Eckert | — | — |
| Kuwait | As-salām al-amīrī | Amiri Salute | 1951–1978 | Zy !Instrumental | Adees, YusufYusuf Adees | — | |
| Libya | Allahu Akbar | God is Greatest | 1969–2011 | Al Arebi, Al BaschirAl Baschir Al Arebi | Wahab, Mohamad AbdelMohamad Abdel Wahab | — | |
| Montenegro | Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori | Our Beautiful Montenegro | 1910–1918 | Sundečić, JovanJovan Sundečić | Ivanišević, JovoJovo Ivanišević |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori |
— |
| Macau | A Portuguesa | The Portuguese | 1890–1890 | Lopes de Mendonça, HenriqueHenrique Lopes de Mendonça | Keil, AlfredoAlfredo Keil |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori |
— |
| Mozambique | Viva, Viva a FRELIMO | Long Live FRELIMO | 1975–2002 | Chemane, Justino SigaulaneJustino Sigaulane Chemane | Chemane, Justino SigaulaneJustino Sigaulane Chemane | — | — |
| Nepal | Rastriya Gaan | May Glory Crown Our Illustrious Sovereign | 1899–2007 | Chalise, ChakrapaniChakrapani Chalise | Budhapirthi, BakhatbirBakhatbir Budhapirthi | — | — |
| Netherlands | Wien Neêrlands Bloed | Those in whom Dutch blood | 1815–1932 | Tollens, HendrikHendrik Tollens | Wilms, Johann WilhelmJohann Wilhelm Wilms |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Wien Neêrlands Bloed |
— |
| Netherlands Antilles | Anthem without a title | — | 2000–2010 | Hiliman, ZahiraZahira Hiliman Lucille Berry-Haseth |
Hiliman, ZahiraZahira Hiliman | — | — |
| Newfoundland | Ode to Newfoundland | — | 1907–1949 | Boyle, CavendishCavendish Boyle | Parry, HubertHubert Parry | — | |
| Nigeria | Nigeria We Hail Thee | — | 1960–1978 | Williams, Lilian JeanLilian Jean Williams | Benda, FrancesFrances Benda | — | — |
| Orange Free State | Heft, Burgers, 't lied der vrijheid | Sing, Citizens, the song of Freedom | 1854–1902 | Hamelberg, H. A. L.H. A. L. Hamelberg | Nicolai, W. F. G.W. F. G. Nicolai | — | |
| Portugal | Hymno da Carta | Hymn to the Charter | 1834–1911 | Pedro IV of Portugal, Pedro IV of Portugal | Pedro IV of Portugal, Pedro IV of Portugal | — | — |
| Rhodesia | God Save the Queen | — | 1965–1970 | Zz !Unknown | Zz !Unknown |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. God Save the Queen |
|
| Rhodesia | Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia | — | 1974–1979 | Bloom, MaryMary Bloom | Beethoven, Ludwig vanLudwig van Beethoven |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia |
|
| Romania | Trăiască Regele | Long live the King | 1881–1947 | Alecsandri, VasileVasile Alecsandri | Hübsch, EduardEduard Hübsch | — | |
| Romania | Zdrobite cătuşe | Broken Handcuffs | 1948–1953 | Baranga, AurelAurel Baranga | Socor, MateiMatei Socor | — | |
| Romania | Te slăvim, Românie | We glorify thee, Romania | 1953–1977 | Frunză, EugenEugen Frunză Dan Deşliu |
Socor, MateiMatei Socor | — | |
| Romania | Trei culori | Three Colours | 1977–1989 | Zz !Unknown; adapted from the original Cântecul tricolorului | Porumbescu, CiprianCiprian Porumbescu | — | |
| Russian Empire | Molitva russkikh | Prayer of Russians !The Prayer of Russians | 1816–1833 | Zhukovsky, VasilyVasily Zhukovsky | Zz !Unknown (same tune as God Save the Queen) |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Molitva russkikh |
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| Russian Empire | Bozhe, Tsarya khrani! | God Save the Tsar! | 1833–1917 | Zhukovsky, VasilyVasily Zhukovsky | Lvov, AlexeiAlexei Lvov |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Bozhe, Tsarya khrani! |
— |
| Russian Republic | Rabochaya Marselyeza | Worker's Marseillaise | 1917 | Lavrov, PyotrPyotr Lavrov | Lisle, Claude Joseph Rouget deClaude Joseph Rouget de Lisle |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Rabochaya Marselyeza |
— |
| Russian SFSR | Rabochaya Marselyeza | Worker's Marseillaise | 1917–1918 | Lavrov, PyotrPyotr Lavrov | Lisle, Claude Joseph Rouget deClaude Joseph Rouget de Lisle |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Rabochaya Marselyeza |
|
| Russian SFSR | Internatsional | Internationale !The Internationale | 1917–1922 | Pottier, EugèneEugène Pottier | De Geyter, PierrePierre De Geyter | ] ] | |
| Russian Federation | Patrioticheskaya Pesnya' | Patriotic Song !The Patriotic Song | 1991–2000 | Zy !Instrumental | Glinka, MikhailMikhail Glinka |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Patrioticheskaya Pesnya |
|
| Rwanda | Rwanda Rwacu | Our Rwanda | 1962–2002 | Habarurema, MichaelMichael Habarurema Abanyuramatwi |
Habarurema, MichaelMichael Habarurema Abanyuramatwi |
— | — |
| Sardinia | S'hymnu sardu nationale | Sardinian !The Sardinian National Anthem | 1842–1861 | Angius, VittorioVittorio Angius | Gonella, GiovanniGiovanni Gonella | — | — |
| Saxony | Sachsen Hymne | Hymn of Saxony | 1806–1871 | Hallbauer, MaximilianMaximilian Hallbauer | Otto, Ernst JuliusErnst Julius Otto | — | — |
| Serbia and Montenegro | Hej, Sloveni | Hey, Slavs | 1991–2006 | Tomášik, SamuelSamuel Tomášik | Ogiński, Michał KleofasMichał Kleofas Ogiński |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Hej, Sloveni |
|
| Seychelles | En Avant | Forward | 1976–1978 | Zz !Unknown | Zz !Unknown | — | — |
| Seychelles | Fyer Seselwa | Be Proud Seychellois | 1978–1996 | Zz !Unknown | Dastros-Gèze, PierrePierre Dastros-Gèze | — | — |
| Siam | Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami | Siamese Royal Anthem | 1913–1932 | Nuvadtivongs, NarisaraNarisara Nuvadtivongs Vajiravudh |
Zz !Unknown |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami |
|
| South Africa | Die Stem van Suid-Afrika The Call of South Africa |
— | 1957–1997 | Langenhoven, Cornelis JacobusCornelis Jacobus Langenhoven | de Villiers, Marthinus LourensMarthinus Lourens de Villiers | — | |
| South Africa | Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika | God Bless Africa | 1994–1997 | Sontonga, EnochEnoch Sontonga | Parry, JosephJoseph Parry | — | |
| South African Republic | Volkslied van Transvaal | National anthem of the Transvaal | 1875–1902 | van Rees, CatharinaCatharina van Rees | van Rees, CatharinaCatharina van Rees | — | |
| Soviet Union | Internatsional | Internationale !The Internationale | 1922–1944 | Pottier, EugèneEugène Pottier | De Geyter, PierrePierre De Geyter | ] ] | — |
| Soviet Union | Gosudarstvenniy Gimn SSSR | Hymn of the Soviet Union | 1944–1991 | Mikhalkov, SergeySergey Mikhalkov | Alexandrov, AlexanderAlexander Alexandrov |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Gosudarstvenniy Gimn SSSR |
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| Spain | Himno de Riego | Anthem of Riego | 1931–1939 | Gomis, José MelchorJosé Melchor Gomis | Gomis, José MelchorJosé Melchor Gomis |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Himno de Riego |
|
| Switzerland | Rufst du, mein Vaterland | When you call, my fatherland | 1850 !c. 1850–1961 | Wyss, Johann RudolfJohann Rudolf Wyss Henri Roehrich |
Zz !Unknown (same tune as God Save the Queen) |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Rufst du, mein Vaterland |
|
| Transkei | Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika | God Bless Africa | 1976–1994 | Sontonga, EnochEnoch Sontonga | Parry, JosephJoseph Parry | — | — |
| Tunisia | Ala Khallidi | Immortal and Precious | 1958–1987 | Naccache, JalaleddineJalaleddine Naccache | El Mahdi, SalahSalah El Mahdi | — | — |
| Two Sicilies | Inno al Re | Hymn to the King | 1816–1861 | Zz !Unknown | Paisiello, GiovanniGiovanni Paisiello | — | — |
| United Arab Republic | Walla Zaman Ya Selahy | Oh My Weapon | 1960–1971 | Jahin, SalahSalah Jahin | Al Taweel, KamalKamal Al Taweel | — | — |
| United States | My Country, 'Tis of Thee | — | 1831 !c. 1831–1931 (de facto) |
Smith, Samuel FrancisSamuel Francis Smith | Zz !Unknown (same tune as God Save the Queen) |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. My Country 'Tis Of Thee |
|
| Upper Volta | Hymne National Voltaïque | Voltaique National Anthem | 1960–1984 | Ouedraogo, RobertRobert Ouedraogo | Ouedraogo, RobertRobert Ouedraogo | — | — |
| Venda | Pfano na vhuthihi | Peace and Togetherness | 1979–1994 | Zz !Unknown | Zz !Unknown | — | — |
| Vietnam ! South Vietnam | Tiếng Gọi Công Dân | Call to the Citizens | 1955–1975 | Phuoc, Luu HuuLuu Huu Phuoc | Phuoc, Luu HuuLuu Huu Phuoc | — | |
| Württemberg | Württemberger Hymne | Hymn of Württemberg | 1806–1871 | Zz !Unknown | von Lindpaintner, Peter JosefPeter Josef von Lindpaintner | — | — |
| Yugoslavia ! SFR Yugoslavia | Hej, Sloveni | Hey, Slavs | 1977–1991 | Tomášik, SamuelSamuel Tomášik | Ogiński, Michał KleofasMichał Kleofas Ogiński |
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Hej, Sloveni |
|
| Zaire | La Zaïroise | Zairian !The Zairian | 1972–1997 | Lutumba, JosephJoseph Lutumba | Londi, Simon-Pierre Boka Di MpasiSimon-Pierre Boka Di Mpasi Londi | — | — |
| Zimbabwe | Ishe Komborera Africa | God Bless Africa | 1980–1994 | Sontonga, EnochEnoch Sontonga | Parry, JosephJoseph Parry | — |
Read more about this topic: List Of Historical National Anthems
Famous quotes containing the word anthems:
“Always the seer is a sayer. Somehow his dream is told: somehow he publishes it with solemn joy: sometimes with pencil on canvas: sometimes with chisel on stone; sometimes in towers and aisles of granite, his soul’s worship is builded; sometimes in anthems of indefinite music; but clearest and most permanent, in words.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)