This page lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing.
Abbreviations beginning with N- (a common prefix for non-) or ending with -Z (a common suffix for -izer) may not be listed separately. For example, NPST non-past and TRZ transitivizer are not listed, as they are composable from N- non- + PST past and TR transitive + -Z -izer.
Gloss | Meaning |
---|---|
› | direction of transitivity or possession (2›3 may mean 2 acts on 3; 1sg›sg may mean a 1sg possessor and a singular possessum) |
0 | zero (null), covert form (such as gender in a language where the word doesn't show it) |
1 | first person |
2 | second person |
3 | third person |
A | agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb |
ABE | abessive case (AKA caritive case or privative case: 'without') |
ABL | ablative case ('from') |
ABS | absolutive case |
ACC | accusative case |
ACCOM | accompanier |
ACT | active voice, actor role |
ADJ | adjective |
ADE | adessive case ('at'; more specific than LOC) |
ADM | admonitive mood (warning) |
ADV | adverb(ial), adverbial case |
AFF | affirmative mood |
AG, AGT | agentive case (cf ACT) |
AGR | agreement |
ALL | allative case ('to') |
AL, ALLOC | allocutive agreement |
ALIEN | alienable possession |
AN | animate gender (cf R) |
AND | andative (going towards: cf venitive) |
ANT | anterior tense (used for PRF in some traditions) |
ANTE | antessive case ('before') |
ANTIC | anticausative |
ANTIP, AP | antipassive voice |
AOR | aorist (= PFV or PST.PFV) |
APP | apposition |
APL, APPL | applicative voice |
APPR | apprehensive mood |
APRX | approximative |
ART | article |
ASP | aspect |
ASS | associative case (= COM), assumptive mood, assertive |
AT | agent trigger (= AV agent voice) |
ATT | attenuative; attributive (= ATTR) |
AUD | auditory evidential |
AUG | augmentative |
AUX | auxiliary verb |
B | core benefactive |
BE | 'be' verb (a conflation of EXIST and COP) |
BEN | benefactive case ('for') |
C | common gender; complementizer |
CAP | (cap)ability, modal case |
CAU, CAUS | causative |
CENT | centric case |
CF | counterfactual conditional |
CIRC | circumfix |
CIT | citation form |
CL, CLF | classifier |
CNJ | conjunction (= CONJ) |
CNSQ | consequential |
COL | collective plural |
COM | comitative case ('together with') |
COMP | comparative; complementizer |
COMPL, CPL | completive aspect |
CONC | concessive |
COND | conditional mood |
CONJ | conjunction (= CNJ) |
CONN | connective particle |
CONT, CTN | continuative aspect |
CNTR | contrastive |
COP | copula |
COR | coreference |
CRAS | crastinal tense ('tomorrow') |
CRS | current relevance marker (as in the perfect) |
CVB | converb |
D | core dative case |
DAT | dative case |
DE | different event, change of event (cf DS) |
DEC, DECL | declarative mood |
DEF | definite |
DEI, DEIX | deixis, deictic |
DEL | delayed imperative (a command to do s.t. later) |
DEL | delative case ('off of'), deliberative mood |
DEM | demonstrative |
DEO | deontic mood |
DEP | dependent (as in DEP.FUT) |
DES, DESI | desiderative mood |
DEST | destinative aspect |
DET | determiner |
DETR | detransitive |
DH | motion downhill, seaward (cf DR) |
DIM | diminutive |
DIR | direct evidential (= EXP); directional (= LAT); direct case |
DISJ | disjunction |
DIST | distal demonstrative |
DISTR | distributive case |
DITR | ditransitive |
DLM | delimited |
DM | discourse marker |
DO | direct object |
DR | motion downriver (cf DH) |
DS | different-subject (change of subject) marker (cf DE) |
DU | dual number |
DUB | dubitative mood |
DUR | durative aspect, continuous aspect |
DY, DYAD | dyadic |
DYN | dynamic aspect |
E | epenthetic morpheme |
-E | (used to form various -essive cases) |
ELA | elative case ('out of') |
EMP | emphatic |
EPIS | epistemic mood, epistemic modality |
ERG | ergative case |
ESS | essive case |
EV, EVID | evidential |
EVIT | evitative case (= aversive case) |
EX, EXCL | exclusive person |
EXCLAM | exclamative |
EX.DUR | excessive duration |
EXIST | existential ('there is') |
EXO | exocentric case |
EXP, EXPER | experiential, eyewitness, = direct evidential |
EXPL | expletive (dummy / meaningless form) |
F, FEM | feminine gender |
FACT | factive evidential |
FAM | familiar register (as the T-V distinction) |
FIN | finite verb |
FOC | focus |
FORM | formal register (as the T-V distinction) |
FP | final particle (joshi) |
FR, FREQ | frequentative aspect |
FMR | former, deceased |
FUT | future tense |
G | gender (G4 = the 4th gender) |
GEN | genitive case |
GER | gerund |
GNO | gnomic (generic) aspect |
GT | goal trigger (Austronesian; = GV goal voice) |
HAB | habitual aspect |
HBL | humble register |
HEST | hesternal tense ('yesterday') |
HIST | historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense |
HOD | hodiernal tense ('today') |
HON | honorific |
HORT | hortative, |
HSY | hearsay, reported evidential |
HUM | human, anthropic gender (cf. HBL; R) |
HYP | hypothetical mood |
I | inflected |
ID | identical (~ NID) |
IDENTIF | identifiable |
IDEO | ideophone (≈ MIM) |
IGNOR | ignorative |
ILL | illative case ('into') |
IMM | immediate, as in immediate imperative mood, near future tense |
IMP | imperative mood |
IMPERF | imperfect (= PST.IPFV) |
IMPREC | imprecative mood |
IMPRS | impersonal verb |
IN, INCL | inclusive person |
INAL | inalienable possession |
INAN | inanimate gender |
INCH, INCHO, INCEP | inchoative aspect, inceptive aspect |
INCL | inclusive person (= IN) |
IND | indicative mood |
INDF, NDEF | indefinite |
INE | inessive case ('in') |
INF | infinitive |
INFER, INFR | inferential evidential |
INEL | inelative case ('from within') |
INS | instrumental case |
INT | intensifier; interrogative (= Q) |
INTEN | intentional |
INTR, NTR | intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) |
INV | inverse |
IO | indirect object |
IPFV | imperfective aspect (= NPFV) |
IRR | irrealis mood |
IS | indirect speech |
ITER | iterative aspect |
JUS | jussive mood |
-L | (used to form various -lative cases) |
L2 | second language (code-switching) |
LAT | lative case (= MVMT, direction) |
LD | locative case + directional |
LK | linker |
LOC | locative case (includes essive case) |
LOG | logophoric |
M, MASC | masculine gender |
MAN | manner |
MID | middle voice |
MIM | mimetic (≈ IDEO) |
MIR | (ad)mirative |
MOD | mood, modal, modal case |
MOM | single action verb (not iterative) |
MVT | movement |
N, NEUT | neuter gender |
N- | non- (e.g. NSG non-singular, NPST non-past, NF non-feminine) |
NEG | negation, negative |
NH | non-human |
NMZ, NZ, NOMI | nominalizer/nominalization |
NOM | nominative case |
NS | non-subject (Latin 'oblique case') |
NTR, INTR | intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) |
NUM | numeral |
O | patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb (= P) |
OBJ, OB | object |
OBL | oblique case |
OBV | obviative |
OPT | optative mood |
P | patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb (= O) |
P | pre-, post- (P.HOD prehodiernal) |
PART | participle (= PTCP,PCP); particle (= PTCL); partitive case (= PTV) |
PAS, PASS | passive voice |
PAT | patientive (= UND) |
PA, PAU | paucal number |
PEG | pegative case (a special case for the giver) |
PER | perlative case ('per', using) |
PERF, PRF | perfect (= RET) |
PERS | personal |
PFV | perfective aspect |
PL | plural |
PLU, PLUR | pluractional |
PM | phrase marker, predicate marker |
PN, PRO | pronoun |
PO | primary object |
POL | polite register |
POS, POSS | possessive marker |
POST | postposition, postpositional case |
POSTE | postessive case ('after') |
POT | potential mood (a possible conditional) |
PP | past / passive participle |
PPP | past passive participle |
PPFV | past perfective |
PR | proper noun |
PRED | predicative |
PREC | precative mood (requests) |
PREP | preposition, prepositional case |
PRES, PRS | present tense |
PRESP | present participle |
PRET, PRT | preterite (= PFV.PST) |
PRF, PERF | perfect (= RET) |
PRS, PRES | present tense |
PROB | probability |
PROG | progressive aspect |
PROH | prohibitive mood ('don't!') |
PROL | prolative case (= VIA) |
PROP | propositive mood |
PROSP, PRSP | prospective aspect |
PROT | protasis |
PROX | proximal/proximate |
PST | past tense |
PT | patient trigger |
PTCL, PTC | particle |
PTCP,PCP | participle |
PTV | partitive case ('some of') |
PURP | purposive |
Q | question word or particle (= INT) |
QUOT | quotative case or mood (marks quoted speech) |
R | rational gender (thinking beings) |
REAL | realis mood |
REC | recent past tense |
RECP | reciprocal voice |
REF | referential |
REFL | reflexive voice |
REL | relative(izer) |
REM | remote past tense |
REP | reported evidential (= HSY); repetitive (cf ITER) |
RES | resultative; resumptive |
RET | retrospective (synonym for 'perfect' in some traditions) |
RFR | referential |
S | single argument of canonical intransitive verb (cf CIT) |
SBJ, SUB | subject |
SBJV, SJV | subjunctive mood |
SE | same event (cf SS) |
SEM | semelfactive aspect ('once') |
SENS | sensory evidential mood (= VIS+AUD |
SEQ | sequential |
SG | singular (but 1.SG = 1s, 3MASC.SG = 3ms) |
SGV | singulative number |
SIM | simultaneous aspect; similative |
SJV, SBJV | subjunctive mood |
SPEC | specifier; speculative mood |
SS | same-subject (cf SE) |
STAT, STV | stative aspect, stative verb |
SUB, SU | subject |
SUBR, SUBORD, SBRD, SR | subordinator |
SUBE | subessive case ('under') |
SUBL | sublative case ('onto', 'down onto') |
SUP(L) | superlative (SUPL); supine; supplicative |
SUPE | superessive case ('on') |
-T | trigger (used for AT, PT) |
TAM | tense, aspect, or mood |
TEL | telic aspect (cf PFV) |
TEMP | temporal case |
TERM | terminative case |
TNS | tense |
TOP | topic |
TR, TRANS | transitive verb |
TRANSL | translative case (becoming) |
TRI | trial number |
TRN | trans-numeral (neither SG nor PL) |
TVF | truth-value focus |
U | uninflected |
UH | motion uphill, inland (cf UR) |
UND | undergoer role (cf PAT) |
UR | motion upriver (cf UH) |
USIT | usitative |
V, VB | verb(al) |
VBZ | verbalizer |
VD | verb, ditransitive |
VEN | venitive (coming towards; cf andative) |
VER | veridical mood (a certain conditional) |
VIA | vialis case |
VIS | visible, visual |
VI | verb, intransitive |
VN | verbal noun |
VOC | vocative case |
VOL | volitive mood |
VT | verb, transitive |
WH.Q | wh-question |
-Z | -(al)izer (e.g. TRZ transitivizer) |
ZO | zoic gender (animals) |
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