The Middle Ages
Estonia remained one of the last corners of medieval Europe to be Christianized. In 1193 Pope Celestine III called for a crusade against pagans in Northern Europe. The Northern Crusades from Northern Germany established the stronghold of Riga. With the help of the newly converted local tribes of Livs and Letts, the crusaders initiated raids into part of what is present-day Estonia in 1208.
- 1003–1210, a series of defence battles and counter campaigns against Kievan Rus'
- 1030–1061, war against Novgorod
- 1206–1227, war against Livonian Brothers of the Sword, Denmark and Sweden
- 1236–1241 and 1260–1261, rebellions on Saaremaa
- 1343–1345, St. George's Night Uprising against the foreign rulers
Read more about this topic: List Of Estonian Wars
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“Of all the barbarous middle ages, that
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Of man! it is—I really scarce know what;
But when we hover between fool and sage,
And don’t know justly what we would be at—
A period something like a printed page,
Black letter upon foolscap, while our hair
Grows grizzled, and we are not what we were.”
—George Gordon Noel Byron (1788–1824)
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—David Hume (1711–1776)