Taxonomy and Classification
Lichens are named based on the fungal component, which plays the primary role in determining the lichen's form. The fungus typically comprises the majority of a lichen's bulk, though in filamentous and gelatinous lichens this is not always the case. The lichen fungus is typically a member of the Ascomycota—rarely a member of the Basidiomycota, and then termed basidiolichens to differentiate them from the more common ascolichens. Formerly, some lichen taxonomists placed lichens in their own division, the Mycophycophyta, but this practice is no longer accepted because the components belong to separate lineages. Neither the ascolichens nor the basidiolichens form monophyletic lineages in their respective fungal phyla, but they do form several major solely or primarily lichen-forming groups within each phylum. Even more unusual than basidiolichens is the fungus Geosiphon pyriforme, a member of the Glomeromycota that is unique in that it encloses a cyanobacterial symbiont inside its cells. Geosiphon is not usually considered to be a lichen, and its peculiar symbiosis was not recognized for many years. The genus is more closely allied to endomycorrhizal genera.
The following table lists the orders and families of fungi that include lichen-forming species.
Taxonomy of the Lichen families
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Show all lichen genera
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Ascomycota |
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Basidiomycota |
Basidiomycetes
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Agaricomycetidae
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Agaricales
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- Hygrophoraceae
- Tricholomataceae
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Atheliales
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- Atheliaceae
- Lepidostromataceae
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Boletales
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Cantharellales
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Tremellomycetidae
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Tremellales
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- Syzygosporaceae
- Tremellaceae
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Urediniomycetes
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Atractiellales
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Uredinales
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Incertae sedis
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References
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- Anderson, Heidi L.; Ekman, Stefan (2005). "Disintegration of the Micareaceae (lichenized Ascomycota): a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences". Mycological Research 109 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001625.
- CABI Bioscience Databases. Available online at http://www.indexfungorum.org/.
- Ertz, Damien; Lawrey, James D.; Sikaroodi, Masoumeh; Gillevet, Patrick M.; Fischer, Eberhard; Killmann, Dorothee; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2008). "A new lineage of lichenized basidiomycetes inferred from a two-gene phylogeny: The Lepidostromataceae with three species from the tropics". American Journal of Botany 95 (12): 1548–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800232.
- Ekman, Stefan; Andersen, Heidi L.; Wedin, Mats (2008). "The limitations of ancestral state reconstruction and the evolution of the ascus in the Lecanorales (lichenized Ascomycota)". Systematic Biology 57 (1): 141–156. doi:10.1080/10635150801910451.
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- Ekman, Stefan (2001). "Molecular phylogeny of the Bacidiaceae (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota)". Mycological Research 105 (7): 783–797. doi:10.1017/S0953756201004269.
- Grube, Martin; Winka, Katarina (2002). "Progress in understanding the evolution and classification of lichenized ascomycetes". Mycologist 16 (2): 67–76. doi:10.1017/S0269-915X(02)00206-9.
- Liu, Yajuan J.; Hall, Benjamin D. (2004). "Body plan evolution of ascomycetes, as inferred from an RNA polymerase II phylogeny". PNAS 101 (13): 4507–4512. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400938101.
- Schmitt, I.; Yamamoto, Y.; Lumbsch, H. T. (2006). "Phylogeny of Pertusariales (Ascomycotina): Resurrection of Ochrolechiaceae and new circumscription of Megasporaceae". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 753–764.
- Staiger, Bettina; Kalb, Klaus; Grube, Martin (2006). "Phylogeny and phenotypic variation in the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ostropomycetidae, Ascomycota)". Mycological Research 110 (7): 765–772. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.05.003.
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