Phonology
Labial | Alveolar/Apical | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | /p/, /b/ | /t/,/d/ | /k/,/g/ | /ʔ/ | |
Fricatives | /s/, (/z/) | /r/ | /h/ | ||
Affricates | /c/, /j/ | ||||
Nasals | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | |
Liquids | l | ||||
Semivowels | /w/ | /y/ |
Voiceless stops occur in word-initial, word-medial, and word-final position. Word-final stops are generally unreleased. Voiced stops generally do not occur word-finally. There seems to be only moderate evidence for a phonemic glottal stop. /r/ has a range of phonetic realizations but is most often a velar or uvular fricative ,, ,.There is minor disagreement between the two earlier phonologies about /r/, described as an apical trill by Abdurrahman and as a voiceless velar fricative by Walker. Walker stated that this phoneme (written as /x/ in 1976 and as /r/ in his 1975 word lists) occurs in all major environments and is sometimes voiced intervocalically. Walker (1976:3) noted that (apical trill) ‘occurs in unassimilated loanwords’ and alternates with in many cases.
The nasals occur in word-initial, word-medial and word-final positions, with the exception of /ɲ/, which does not occur word-finally. /l/ occurs in word-initial, word-medial, and word-final position. /w/ and /y/ occur word-initially and word-medially and, depending on one’s analysis, word-finally as part of diphthongs discussed below. Both phonemes occur word-medially in positions where they are not considered as transitions from and respectively.
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