Historical Phonology
| OP | MP | Persian | Kurdish | Parthian | Avestan | Proto-Iranian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| θ | h | h | s | s | s | *ś |
| d | d | d | z | z | z | *ź |
| j | z | z | ž | ž | j | *j, *Vč |
| ç | z | z | ž | ž | ç | *ç |
| -š- | -š- | -š- | -h-/nil | -š- | -š- | *-š- |
| x- | x- | x- | k- | x- | x- | *x- |
| w- | w- | b- | b- | w- | w- | *w- |
| y- | j- | j- | j- | y- | y- | *y- |
| b, d, g | w, y, (') | w, y, (/nil) | w, y, (nil) | β, ð, ɣ | b, d, g | *b, *d, *g |
| p, t, k | b, d, g, | b, d, g | w, h, y, (/nil) | β, ð, ɣ | p, t, k | *p, *t, *k |
| Vm | -m | -m | -v (-w) | -m | -m | -*m |
| fr- | fr- (hr-) | for- etc. | fr- | fr- | fr- | *fr- |
| ç | s | s | s? | hr | θr ('s'?) | *θr |
| θw | h | h | h? or w/v? | f | θw | *θw |
| duv- | d- | d- | d- | b- | duu- | *dw- |
| s/z | s/z | s/z | sp?/zw? | sp/zw | sp/zw | *św/ *źw |
| (h)uv- | xw- | x(w)- | x(w)- | wx- | xv-, huu- | *hw- |
| rd | l, r | l | unclear (maybe: l, ł, r) | rð & rz | rd & rz | *rd & *rź |
| nd | nd/nn | nd | n | nd | nd | *nd |
| šn | šn | šn | žn | zn | sn | *śn |
| Všm, Vhm | -šm, -hm | -šm, -xm | -v (-w) | -šm, -hm | -šm, -hm | *šm? |
| ft | ft | ft | (w)t, (ft?) | ft | ft | *ft |
| xt | xt | xt | t | xt | xt | *xt |
| pasā | pas | pas | pāš | paš | pas-ča | *pas-ča |
| šiyav- | šaw- | šaw- | č- | šaw- | šiiu- | *čyau- |
| a- | a- | a- | ha- | a- | a- | *a- |
| d- | -d- | -d- | -l- | -d- | -d- | -*d- |
Read more about this topic: Kurdish Language
Famous quotes containing the word historical:
“This seems a long while ago, and yet it happened since Milton wrote his Paradise Lost. But its antiquity is not the less great for that, for we do not regulate our historical time by the English standard, nor did the English by the Roman, nor the Roman by the Greek.... From this September afternoon, and from between these now cultivated shores, those times seemed more remote than the dark ages.”
—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)