Launch Towers
Each pad contained a two-piece access tower system, the Fixed Service Structure (FSS) and the Rotating Service Structure (RSS). The FSS permitted access to the Shuttle via a retractable arm and a "beanie cap" to capture vented LOX from the External Tank. The RSS contained the Payload Changeout Room, which offered "clean" access to the orbiter's payload bay, protection from the elements, and protection in winds up to 60 knots (110 km/h). Also at each pad were large cryogenic tanks that stored the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX) for the SSMEs. The highly explosive nature of these chemicals required numerous safety measures at the Launch Complex. NASA calculated the minimum safe distance for a fully fueled Space Shuttle stack was three miles (5 km) for personnel, and 8,700 feet (2,700 m) between pads. Before tanking operations began and during launch, non-essential personnel were excluded from the danger area. The Launch Control Center and Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) were almost exactly three miles (5 km) away.
Read more about this topic: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, Space Shuttle Usage
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