Complete List of Prefectural Races
Elected candidates in bold
Compiled from JANJAN's "The Senkyo" and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications official results.
Notes:
- All incumbents not running for re-election in their prefectural electoral district are counted as retirements even if they ran in the nationwide proportional representation.
- In a multi-member district, there is no difference between Councillors elected with the highest and lower vote shares. Yet, "top tōsen", i.e. being elected with the highest vote, is considered a special achievement and thus noted where changed from the previous election for the same class of Councillors (1992). (due to the many party realignments in the 1990s only where changed from LDP to opposition or vice versa)
- In the results column, independents are counted towards the party they joined in the first Diet sessions after the election.
Party abbreviations used:
- Ruling party
- LDP Jiyūminshutō Liberal Democratic Party
- Opposition
- DPJ Minshutō, "Democratic Party", Democratic Party of Japan
- JCP Nihon Kyōsantō, Japanese Communist Party
- Kōmei Kōmei, "Justice" (re-established Kōmeitō in November 1998 together with NFP successor Shintō Heiwa ("New Peace Party"))
- SDP Shakaiminshutō, Social Democratic Party
- LP Jiyūtō, Liberal Party
- NSP Shin-Shakaitō, New Socialist Party
- NPH Shintō Sakigake, New Party Harbinger
- LL Jiyū Rengō, Liberal League
- IA Mushozoku no Kai, "Assembly of Independents", Independents (formed only in November 1998; founding members noted in the results column)
- I Independent
- Minor parties: YLP "Youth Liberal Party", Ishin Ishin Seitō Shinpū, WP Women's Party, SPP "Sports and Peace Party"
| Northern Japan | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prefecture | Seats up | Incumbents | Party | Result | Candidates (Party) Vote share |
|
| Hokkaidō | 2 (-2) | Hisashi Kazama | Kōmei | 2 seats lost by reapportionment LDP, DPJ and Kōmei incumbents retired LDP hold DPJ incumbent re-elected DPJ gains top tōsen |
Naoki Minezaki (DPJ) 31.2% Yoshio Nakagawa (LDP) 28.1% Tomoko Uchiyama (JCP) 23.5% Kentarō Ono (LP) 6.3% Shirō Kayano (SDP) 5.7% Masami Mizuyoshi (NSP) 1.3% Ken'ichi Sawada (YLP) 1.3% Ryōko Matsukawa (LL) 1.3% Hideo Murata (I) 1.1% Nobuhito Sendai (Ishin) 0.3% |
|
| Noriyuki Nakao | DPJ | |||||
| Naoki Minezaki | DPJ | |||||
| Masaaki Takagi | LDP | |||||
| Aomori | 1 | Kanpei Matsuo | Independent (ex-NFP) |
Incumbent retired Independent (joined IA) |
Masami Tanabu (I) 46.7% Akiyoshi Kaneiri (LDP) 36.0% Chizuko Takahashi (JCP) 9.3% Kiyohiko Narumi (I) 7.1% Keiko Saitō (LL) 0.9% |
|
| Iwate | 1 | Motoo Shiina | Independent | Incumbent re-elected (joined IA) | Motoo Shiina (I) 38.5% Riki Nakamura (I) 34.6% Shizuko Abe (SDP) 13.7% Norikatsu Sugawara (JCP) 9.5% Fumiko (?) Yamada (?) 3.7% |
|
| Miyagi | 2 (+1) | Kaname Endō | LDP | Incumbent lost re-election DPJ pickup DPJ gains top tōsen |
Mitsuru Sakurai (DPJ) 26.0% Ichirō Ichikawa (I) 23.2% Kaname Endō (LDP) 14.0% Sayuri Kamata (I) 11.2% Michiko Satō (JCP) 10.6% Yoshihiro Satō (SDP) 7.1% Yukio Nakazawa (I) 3.4% Kikumi Hayasaka (WP) 2.3% Akemi Ishikawa (LL) 2.2% |
|
| 1 seat gained by reapportionment LDP hold |
||||||
| Akita | 1 | Man Sasaki | LDP | Incumbent retired LDP hold |
Shigenobu Saitō (LDP) 39.9% Tatsurō Nakajima (DPJ) 27.1% Kazuko Ogiwara (JCP) 14.3% Mamoru Kudō (SDP) 13.6% Shunsaku Hiramoto (NSP) 3.2% Haruo Hashimoto (LL) 1.9% |
|
| Yamagata | 1 | Teibin Suzuki | LDP | Incumbent retired LDP hold |
Kōichi Kishi (LDP) 49.3% Toshiko Muraki (DPJ) 17.8% Shōji Tanabe (SDP) 16.1% Masaru Aoki (JCP) 10.1% Eiko Gotō (LL) 6.6% |
|
| Fukushima | 2 | Seigo Suzuki | LDP | Incumbent retired LDP hold Incumbent lost re-election DPJ pickup DPJ gains top tōsen |
Yūhei Satō (I – DPJ) 32.6% Mitsuhide Iwaki (LDP) 24.9% Shizuo Satō (LDP) 23.6% Hideki Satō (JCP) 10.6% 4 other candidates (I/NSP/YLP/LL) 8.3% |
|
| Shizuo Satō | LDP | |||||
| Eastern and Central Japan | ||||||
| Prefecture | Seats up | Incumbents | Party | Result | Candidates (Party – endorsments) Vote share |
|
| Ibaraki | 2 | Itsuo Nomura | LDP | NSP incumbent retired LDP incumbent lost re-election LDP hold DPJ pickup DPJ gained top tōsen |
Akira Gunji (DPJ) 27.9% Kōichi Kuno (LDP) 23.1% Itsuo Nomura (LDP) 19.2% Osamu Ojima (JCP) 10.1% Hiromitsu Mutō (LP) 7.0% Mariko Yoshioka (WP) 5.6% Hiroyuki Sugimori (NSP) 3.4% Takao Gunji (LL) 2.7% Masao Kataniwa (YLP) 1.0% |
|
| Osamu Yatabe | NSP | |||||
| Tochigi | 2 | Itten Kamiyoshihara | LDP | Incumbent re-elected Incumbent lost re-election DPJ pickup DPJ gained top tōsen |
Susumu Yanase (DPJ) 39.7% Tetsurō Yano (LDP) 24.7% Itten Kamiyoshihara (LDP) 19.0% Setsuko Nomura (JCP) 8.3% Iwao Takahashi (SDP) 4.1% Takuo Inaba (I) 1.9% Ichirō Yamada (YLP) 1.7% Tsuneaki Umeki (LL) 0.6% |
|
| Tetsurō Yano | LDP | |||||
| Gunma | 2 | Hirofumi Nakasone | LDP | Incumbents re-elected | Hirofumi Nakasone (LDP) 33.7% Kōsei Ueno (LDP) 25.4% Shio Yamazaki (I) 19.3% Yoshikazu Arima (JCP) 15.2% Yurika Kiya (LL) 6.3% |
|
| Kōsei Ueno | LDP | |||||
| Saitama | 3 (+1) | Noriyuki Sekine | LDP | LDP incumbent lost re-election Independent (ex-NFP) pickup Independent gained top tōsen |
Takujirō Hamada (I) 22.6% Renzō Togashi (JCP) 19.9% Toshio Fujii (DPJ) 19.0% Noriyuki Sekine (LDP) 14.3% Minoru Kurihara (LDP) 12.0% Fumihiro Himori (SDP) 5.4% Mieko Yana (LL) 3.2% Tadashi Hosokawa (NSP) 1.6% Kazushige Yamada (YLP) 1.1% Setsuo Yamaguchi (I) 0.7% Masakazu Imazawa (Ishin) 0.2% |
|
| Hideyuki Seya | SDP | SDP incumbent retired JCP pickup |
||||
| 1 seat gained by reapportionment DPJ pickup |
||||||
| Chiba | 2 | Wakako Hironaka | Independent | Incumbents re-elected | Wakako Hironaka (I) 32.3% Yutaka Inoue (LDP) 31.4% Makoto Nakajima (JCP) 21.2% Keiko Machiyama (WP) 5.0% Etsuko Nagata (NSP) 4.6% Tsuneari Murata (LL) 3.4% Kunihide Yoshinaga (YLP) 2.1% |
|
| Yutaka Inoue | LDP | |||||
| Tokyo | 4 | Toshiko Hamayotsu | Kōmei | Kōmei incumbent re-elected DPJ pickup DPJ gained top tōsen |
Toshio Ogawa (DPJ) 19.2% Toshiko Hamayotsu (Kōmei) 18.1% Miyo Inoue (JCP) 16.8% Atsuo Nakamura (I) 13.4% Kiyoko Ono (LDP) 11.6% Kōji Tsukahara (LDP) 8.4% Tetsu Ueda (I) 4.3% Shunsuke Iwasaki (SDP) 3.8% Hiroko Suzuki (WP) 0.8% Shintarō Kō (LL) 0.8% Yoshimori Inori (SPP) 0.7% Eiko Toyama (NSP) 0.7% Isao Nakamura (YLP) 0.6% 10 other candidates 0.7% |
|
| Kōichirō Ueda | JCP | |||||
| vacant |
LDP incumbent lost re-election JCP incumbent retired JCP hold NPH pickup |
|||||
| Kiyoko Ono | LDP | |||||
| Kanagawa | 3 (+1) | Fumio Saitō | LDP | DPJ incumbent re-elected LDP incumbent lost re-election DPJ pickup DPJ gains top tōsen |
Keiichirō Asao (DPJ) 18.0% Kimie Hatano (JCP) 14.8% Keiko Chiba (DPJ) 14.3% Marutei Tsurunen (I) 14.1% Fumio Saitō (LDP) 13.0% Tomoko Abe (SDP) 8.4% Isao Makishima (LDP) 8.0% Takashi Hidaka (LP) 6.8% Yoshiko Bannai (NSP) 0.8% Katsuo Satō (YLP) 0.5% 5 other candidates 1.4% |
|
| Keiko Chiba | DPJ | |||||
| 1 seat gained by reapportionment JCP pickup |
||||||
| Niigata | 2 | Kazuo Majima | LDP | SDP incumbent re-elected LDP incumbent lost re-election LDP hold |
Naoki Tanaka (I) 24.6% Kinuko Ōbuchi (SDP) 22.1% Kazuo Majima (LDP) 20.2% Yukio Hoshino (I) 18.7% Kanji Igarashi (JCP) 8.2% Satoshi Honda (LP) 3.8% Kazuaki Meguro (LL) 2.4% |
|
| Kinuko Ōbuchi | SDP | |||||
| Toyama | 1 | Yoshio Nagata | LDP | Incumbent re-elected |
Yoshio Nagata (LDP) 47.7% Masaaki Tanibayashi (DPJ) 21.1% Shigeru Tajiri (SDP) 17.3% Kazuyuki Izumino (JCP) 11.0% Hisayoshi Nakada (LL) 2.9% |
|
| Ishikawa | 1 | Tetsuo Kutsukake | LDP | Incumbent lost re-election Independent pickup (joined IA) |
Sōta Iwamoto (I) 45.1% Tetsuo Kutsukake (LDP) 42.4% Yōko Onishi (JCP) 9.4% Hideyuki Tanebe (LL) 3.1% |
|
| Fukui | 1 | Masaaki Yamazaki | LDP | Incumbent re-elected | Masaaki Yamazaki (LDP) 52.3% Keimin Kyōtō (DPJ) 28.6% Kunihiro Uno (JCP) 10.5% Kyōko Murata (LL) 8.6% |
|
| Yamanashi | 1 | Tetsurō Shimura | LDP | Incumbent retired DPJ pickup |
Azuma Koshiishi (I) 43.3% Tsukasa Hosaka (LDP) 39.9% Akiko Endō (JCP) 10.8% Yūko Kamata (LP) 7.8% Masako Fukasawa (LL) 1.5% |
|
| Nagano | 2 | Toshimi Kitazawa | DPJ | Incumbent re-elected Incumbent retired LDP pickup |
Toshimi Kitazawa (DPJ) 38.6% Masatoshi Wakabayashi (LDP) 23.3% Norihisa Yamaguchi (JCP) 18.2% Yukio Nunome (SDP) 10.4% Shin'ichirō Shimojō (I) 6.8% Shigeo Kusama (I) 1.2% Yutaka Tanaka (LL) 1.2% Keisaburō Okuhara (I) 0.3% |
|
| Kiyoshi Imai | DPJ | |||||
| Gifu | 2 (+1) | Jun'ichi Kasahara | LDP | Incumbent lost re-election Independent pickup (joined DPJ, then LDP) |
Iwao Matsuda (I) 25.0% Yasuo Yamashita (DPJ) 22.9% Takeyuki Watanabe (I) 19.6% Jun'ichi Kasahara (LDP) 18.6% Hiroyuki Yamamoto (JCP) 11.7% Yasuhiro Sonoda (LL) 2.3% |
|
| 1 seat gained by reapportionment DPJ pickup |
||||||
| Shizuoka | 2 | Kazuhiko Kimiya | LDP | SDP incumbent retired LDP incumbent lost re-election LDP hold Independent pickup (joined DPJ in '99) Independent gains top tōsen |
Tōru Unno (I – DPJ, Kōmei, SDP) 32.6% Yoshihiko Yamashita (LDP) 20.9% Kazuhiko Kimiya (LDP) 17.2% Yukihiro Shimazu (JCP) 15.2% Nobuko Iwaki (LP) 8.2% Naoko Hara (LL) 6.0% |
|
| Aoki Shinji | SDP | |||||
| Aichi | 3 | Hiroshi Ōki | LDP | LDP incumbent retired LDP incumbent lost re-election 2 DPJ pickups DPJ gains top tōsen |
Yoshitake Kimata (DPJ) 17.4% Taisuke Satō (DPJ) 15.9% Hiroko Hatta (JCP) 15.8% Hiroshi Ōki (LDP) 15.5% Yasuoki Urano (LDP) 14.3% Yuzuru Tsuzuki (I) 7.6% Teruko Sugimoto (SDP) 5.5% Hachirō Ishikawa (LP) 3.2% Chieko Igarashi (WP) 1.6% Nobuyuki Watanabe (LL) 1.1% Mikio Yamashita (YLP) 0.8% Yoshiaki Yamazaki (I) 0.4% Takayoshi Itō (I) 0.3% 3 other candidates 0.5% |
|
| Kiyohiro Araki | LDP | |||||
| Yuzuru Tsuzuki | Independent (later LP) |
Independent incumbent lost re-election JCP pickup |
||||
| Mie | 1 | Jūrō Saitō | Independent | Incumbent re-elected | Jūrō Saitō (I) 45.8% Chiaki Takahashi (I) 34.1% Kazuhisa Imai (JCP) 15.5% Noriyasu Sakamoto (LL) 4.6% |
|
| Western Japan | ||||||
| Prefecture | Seats up | Incumbents | Party | Result | Candidates (Party – endorsments) Vote share |
|
| Shiga | 1 | Eisuke Kawamoto | LDP | Incumbent re-elected | Eisuke Kawamoto (LDP) 46.1% Takashi Ōkubo (I) 28.2% Toshirō Hayashi (JCP) 20.9% Seiichi Katō (LL) 4.8% |
|
| Kyōto | 2 | Yukio Hayashida | LDP | JCP incumbent re-elected LDP incumbent retired Independent pickup (joined DPJ in '99) |
Tetsurō Fukuyama (I) 35.5% Tokiko Nishiyama (JCP) 33.9% Naohiko Yamamoto (LDP) 27.8% Takeshi Yotsui (LL) 2.8% |
|
| Tokiko Nishiyama | JCP | |||||
| Ōsaka | 3 | Kiyoshi Nishikawa | Independent (joined IA) |
Independent and Kōmei incumbents re-elected LDP incumbent lost re-election JCP pickup |
Kiyoshi Nishikawa (I) 26.4% Eiichi Yamashita (Kōmei) 21.8% Takeshi Miyamoto (JCP) 18.1% Kazutaka Tsuboi (LDP) 14.3% Masahiro Nakatsukasa (DPJ) 13.6% Yumiko Nagasaki (SDP) 2.9% Kazuko Doi (WP) 0.7% Kōji Morimoto (LL) 0.7% Jun'ichi Maeda (NSP) 0.5% Setsuko Ōki (YLP) 0.3% Toshio Nakano (I) 0.2% Yasuo Yamaguchi (I) 0.2% Ryūichi Nakatani (Ishin) 0.1% |
|
| Eiichi Yamashita | Kōmei | |||||
| Kazutaka Tsuboi | LDP | |||||
| Hyōgo | 2 (-1) | Chōji Ashio | LDP | DPJ incumbent re-elected DPJ gains top tōsen |
Shōji Motooka (DPJ) 39.0% Tatsumi Ōsawa (JCP) 25.2% Chōji Ashio (LDP) 22.9% Yūzō Nakanishi (NSP) 5.0% Toyoaki Tagawa (LL) 2.5% Yumiko Hiraoka (I) 2.3% Kimura (YLP) 1.7% Genji Shimizu (I) 1.4% |
|
| Shōji Motooka | DPJ | LDP incumbent lost re-election JCP pickup |
||||
| Kōjin Katakami | Independent (Ex-Kōmeitō) |
1 seat lost by reapportionment Independent incumbent retired |
||||
| Nara | 1 | Minao Hattori | LDP | Incumbent re-elected | Minao Hattori (LDP) 38.3% Kazuyasu Hamaue (I) 31.7% Sachiho Yamamura (JCP) 23.2% Hiroshi Mukai (LL) 6.7% |
|
| Wakayama | 1 | Yōsuke Tsuruho | LP | Incumbent re-elected | Yōsuke Tsuruho (LP) 42.7% Isao Maeda (LDP) 37.9% Yasuhisa Hara (JCP) 17.1% Motonori Kishi (LL) 2.3% |
|
| Tottori | 1 | Shigenobu Sakano | LDP | Incumbent re-elected | Shigenobu Sakano (LDP) 39.9% Kōtarō Tamura (I) 31.6% Tadamiki Matsunaga (SDP) 14.3% Tomoko Ichitani (JCP) 12.8% Yutaka Okino (LL) 1.5% |
|
| Shimane | 1 | Mikio Aoki | LDP | Incumbent re-elected | Mikio Aoki (LDP) 49.9% Setsumi Tamura (DPJ) 27.9% Yōko Sasaki (JCP) 13.0% Katsumi Kanō (SDP) 6.5% Masashi Yamaguchi (LL) 2.8% |
|
| Okayama | 2 | Norifumi Katō | LDP | LDP incumbent re-elected DPJ incumbent lost re-election DPJ hold DPJ gains top tōsen |
Satsuki Eda (DPJ) 39.3% Norifumi Katō (LDP) 29.9% Junji Ichii (DPJ) 12.5% Katsunobu Katō (I) 7.9% Yūichi Kakiuchi (JCP) 7.5% Mitsuo Kobiki (SDP) 2.2% Kyōji Nakamura (LL) 0.4% Gō Nakashima (Ishin) 0.3% |
|
| Junji Ichii | DPJ | |||||
| Hiroshima | 2 | Hiroshi Miyazawa | LDP | LDP incumbent retired NSP incumbent lost re-election LDP hold DPJ pickup |
Ikuo Kamei (LDP) 27.0% Minoru Yanagida (I) 22.6% Nobuya Okuhara (LDP) 21.9% Akira Ishida (SDP) 9.4% Hiroshi Nikaidō (JCP) 9.1% Kimiko Kurihara (NSP) 7.7% Tomoko (?) Hirasawa (LL) 2.3% |
|
| Kimiko Kurihara | NSP | |||||
| Yamaguchi | 1 | Hideo Futatsugi | LDP | Incumbent retired Independent pickup (joined IA) |
Masuo Matsuoka (I) 45.7% Eiichi Gōshi (LDP) 33.8% Hirokazu Fujimoto (JCP) 14.8% Tadao Sasaki (LL) 3.2% Seiichirō Hirata (YLP) 2.5% |
|
| Tokushima | 1 | Kōji Matsuura | LDP | Incumbent lost re-election Independent pickup (joined Green Conf. in '02) |
Sekiko Takahashi (I) 45.7% Kōji Matsuura (LDP) 36.8% Hitoshi Fujita (JCP) 11.8% Kazutomo Yano (NSP) 4.5% Takeshi Nara (LL) 1.3% |
|
| Kagawa | 1 | Takushi Hirai | LP | Incumbent retired LDP pickup |
Toshio Yamauchi (LDP) 43.5% Shigeaki Katō (SDP) 28.1% Yōko Shirakawa (JCP) 22.4% Kiyotaka Maeda (LL) 5.9% |
|
| Ehime | 1 | Takeshi Noma | LDP | Incumbent re-elected | Takeshi Noma (LDP) 46.9% Mutsumi Hayashi (I) 29.4% Keiko Tanida (JCP) 14.3% Keisuke Hino (LP) 7.4% Makoto Utsunomiya (LL) 2.0% |
|
| Kōchi | 1 | Sadao Hirano | LP | Incumbent retired LDP pickup |
Hiroyuki Morishita (LDP) 41.5% Ruriko Nishioka (I) 32.4% Shin'ichirō Nishimura (I) 15.9% Mika Suagahara (LP) 8.4% Takuji Nakamae (LL) 1.8% |
|
| Southern Japan | ||||||
| Prefecture | Seats up | Incumbents | Party | Result | Candidates (Party – endorsments) Vote share |
|
| Fukuoka | 2 (-1) | vacant |
SDP incumbent retired LDP incumbent re-elected Kōmei hold (independent joined Kōmeitō) |
Kazuo Hirotomo (I) 30.3% Gōtarō Yoshimura (LDP) 27.7% Kazue Fujita (I) 20.0% Toyoomi Tsuno (JCP) 14.4% Yukimi Kamemoto (WP) 2.9% Yoshio Nakamura (YLP) 2.2% Shizuko Tanebe (LL) 1.8% Haruhiko Saitō (I) 0.7% |
||
| Shirō Watanabe | SDP | |||||
| Gōtarō Yoshimura | LDP | 1 seat lost by reapportionment | ||||
| Saga | 1 | Hiromi Iwanaga | LDP | Incumbent re-elected | Hiromi Iwanaga (LDP) 47.5% Yōko Kōmoto (I) 34.6% Hideko Tanaka (JCP) 11.8% Yasuhiro Fukagawa (LL) 6.1% |
|
| Nagasaki | 1 | Sōichirō Matsutani | LDP | Incumbent re-elected | Sōichirō Matsutani (LDP) 42.1% Yūji Mitsuno (I) 37.9% Kieko Nishimura (JCP) 13.1% Kazuko Teraoka (LL) 6.9% |
|
| Kumamoto | 2 | Yūshin Morizumi | LDP | Incumbent retired Incumbent lost re-election LDP hold DPJ pickup DPJ gains top tōsen |
Ryōichi Honda (DPJ) 34.2% Hitoshi Kimura (LDP) 28.7% Masaru Urata (LDP) 24.8% Etsuko Nishikawa (JCP) 10.0% Kayoko Annaka (LL) 2.3% |
|
| Masaru Urata | LDP | |||||
| Ōita | 1 | Ban Kugimiya | DPJ | Incumbent lost re-election LDP pickup |
Toshiya Nakamichi (LDP) 35.4% Ban Kugimiya (DPJ) 34.3% Fujisaki (SDP) 21.8% Masami Doi (JCP) 7.6% Hideyuki Ozaki (LL) 0.9% |
|
| Miyazaki | 1 | Mitsuhiro Uesugi | LDP | Incumbent re-elected | Mitsuhiro Uesugi (LDP) 66.2% Chika Nagatomo (JCP) 23.4% Kōsaburō Haruta (LL) 10.4% |
|
| Kagoshima | 2 | Kichio Inoue | LDP | LDP incumbent re-elected Independent incumbent lost re-election LDP pickup |
Hiroshi Moriyama (LDP) 27.9% Kichio Inoue (LDP) 27.0% Kazuto Kamiyama (I) 26.1% Yūichi Yasuda (LL) 12.2% Mitsuharu Iwaizako (JCP) 6.8% |
|
| Kazuto Kamiyama | Independent (ex-JSP) | |||||
| Okinawa | 1 | Sōkō Shimabuku | Independent | Incumbent re-elected (joined IA) | Sōkō Shimabuku (I) 45.5% Kenjirō Nishida (LDP) 44.5% Hiroshi Kinjō (LL) 8.0% Hiroyuki Kinjō (I) 1.3% Mitsuo Matayoshi (WECP) 0.7% |
|
Read more about this topic: Japanese House Of Councillors Election, 1998, Results
Famous quotes containing the words complete, list and/or races:
“Silence is to all creatures thus attacked the only means of salvation; it fatigues the Cossack charges of the envious, the enemy’s savage ruses; it results in a cruising and complete victory.”
—Honoré De Balzac (1799–1850)
“I made a list of things I have
to remember and a list
of things I want to forget,
but I see they are the same list.”
—Linda Pastan (b. 1932)
“I am obliged to confess that I do not regard the abolition of slavery as a means of warding off the struggle of the two races in the Southern states. The Negroes may long remain slaves without complaining; but if they are once raised to the level of freemen, they will soon revolt at being deprived of almost all their civil rights; and as they cannot become the equals of the whites, they will speedily show themselves as enemies.”
—Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)