Contributors To The Advancement of Science
- Saint John Cantius 1390–1473. Scholastic; theologian
- Jan Długosz 1415–1480; historian
- Laurentius Corvinus 1465–1527; humanist; lecturer at the University
- Nicolaus Copernicus 1473–1543; astronomer; promoter of heliocentrism
- Francysk Skaryna 1485?–1540?; pioneer of the Old Belarusian language (historically Old Lithuanian Language); first to print a book in an Eastern Slavic language (1517 in Prague)
- Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski 1503?–1572; diplomat; political thinker; religious thinker
- Marcin Kromer 1512–1589; historian; Prince-Bishop of Warmia
- Jan Kochanowski 1530–1584; Polish nominal poet
- Bartosz Paprocki c.1543 – 1614; writer; historiographer; translator; poet; genealogist
- Stanisław Koniecpolski 1590?–1646; military commander; military politician; Grand Hetman of the Crown
- John III Sobieski 1629–1696; military leader; monarch of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; victor of the Battle of Vienna
- Wincenty Pol 1807–1872; poet; geographer
- Ignacy Łukasiewicz 1822 – 1882; pharmacist; deviser of the first method of distilling kerosene from seep oil
- Carl Menger 1840–1921; economist; lawyer; founder of the Austrian School of economics
- Karol Olszewski 1846–1915; physicist; chemist; the first to liquefy oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
- Wacław Sierpiński 1882–1969; mathematician
- Bronisław Malinowski 1884–1942; anthropologist
- Oskar Halecki 1891–1973; historian, social and Catholic activist
- Ivo Andric 1892–1975; Nobel laureate
- Adam Obrubański 1892-1940; reporter, manager of the Polish National Team, murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn Massacre
- Henryk Sławik 1894–1944; diplomat; designator of a Righteous Among the Nations for the rescue of Jews in World War II Hungary
- Tadeusz Pankiewicz 1908–1993; pharmacist; Righteous Among the Nations who aided Jews in the Kraków Ghetto
- Józef Cyrankiewicz 1911–1989; communist politician; prime minister of Poland 1947–1970
- George Zarnecki 1915–2008; art historian specializing in English Romanesque art
- Antoni Kępiński 1918–1972; psychiatrist
- John Paul II (Karol Wojtyła) 1920 - 2005; Pope of the Catholic Church
- Zbigniew Czajkowski ("Father of the Polish School of fencing") b. 1921
- Stanisław Lem 1921–2006; writer
- Bohdan Lepky; writer
- Wisława Szymborska 1923 - 2012; poet; 1996 Nobel laureate in Literature
- Norman Davies b. 1939; British historian
- Krzysztof Zanussi b. 1939; film director
- Leo Sternbach 1908–2005; chemist; inventor of the benzodiazepine
- Paulo Szot born c. 1970; opera singer; Broadway musical theatre actor
- Bat-Erdeniin Batbayar born c. 1954 politician, political analyst and writer.
- Kazimierz Papée 1889 – 1979; Polish Ambassador to the Holy See 1939–1958
- Andrzej Łobaczewski 1921 – 2007; psychologist who studied totalitarianism and ponerology
- Czeslaw Olech b. 1931; mathematician
- Mietek Pemper 1920 – 2011; studied Law; Holocaust survivor who compiled Schindler's list
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