Jacobi Rotation

In numerical linear algebra, a Jacobi rotation is a rotation, Q_kℓ, of a 2-dimensional linear subspace of an n-dimensional inner product space, chosen to zero a symmetric pair of off-diagonal entries of an n×n real symmetric matrix, A, when applied as a similarity transformation:

$\begin{bmatrix} {*} & & & \cdots & & & * \\ & \ddots & & & & & \\ & & a_{kk} & \cdots & a_{k\ell} & & \\ \vdots & & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ & & a_{\ell k} & \cdots & a_{\ell\ell} & & \\ & & & & & \ddots & \\ {*} & & & \cdots & & & * \end{bmatrix} \to \begin{bmatrix} {*} & & & \cdots & & & * \\ & \ddots & & & & & \\ & & a'_{kk} & \cdots & 0 & & \\ \vdots & & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ & & 0 & \cdots & a'_{\ell\ell} & & \\ & & & & & \ddots & \\ {*} & & & \cdots & & & * \end{bmatrix}.$

It is the core operation in the Jacobi eigenvalue algorithm, which is numerically stable and well-suited to implementation on parallel processors.

Only rows k and ℓ and columns k and ℓ of A will be affected, and that A′ will remain symmetric. Also, an explicit matrix for Q_kℓ is rarely computed; instead, auxiliary values are computed and A is updated in an efficient and numerically stable way. However, for reference, we may write the matrix as

$Q_{k\ell} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & & & & & & \\ & \ddots & & & & 0 & \\ & & c & \cdots & s & & \\ & & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & & \\ & & -s & \cdots & c & & \\ & 0 & & & & \ddots & \\ & & & & & & 1 \end{bmatrix} .$

That is, Q_kℓ is an identity matrix except for four entries, two on the diagonal (q_kk and q_ℓℓ, both equal to c) and two symmetrically placed off the diagonal (q_kℓ and Q_ℓk, equal to s and −s, respectively). Here c = cos ϑ and s = sin ϑ for some angle ϑ; but to apply the rotation, the angle itself is not required. Using Kronecker delta notation, the matrix entries can be written

$q_{ij} = \delta_{ij} + (\delta_{ik}\delta_{jk} + \delta_{i\ell}\delta_{j\ell})(c-1) + (\delta_{ik}\delta_{j\ell} - \delta_{i\ell}\delta_{jk})s . \,\!$

Suppose h is an index other than k or ℓ (which must themselves be distinct). Then the similarity update produces, algebraically,

Read more about Jacobi Rotation: Numerically Stable Computation

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