Biological Roles of Isopeptide Bonds: Signalling and Structural
The function of enzyme generated isopeptide bonds can be roughly divided into two separate categories; signaling and structure. In the case of the former these can be a wide range of functions, influencing protein function, chromatin condensation, or protein half-life. With regard to the latter category, isopeptides can play a role in a variety of structural aspects, from helping to form the clots in wound healing, roles in extra cellular matrix upkeep & apoptsis pathway, roles in the formation of pathogenic pilin, restructuring of the actin skeleton of a host cell to help in the pathogenecity of V. cholerae, and modifiying the properties micro-tubilin to influence its role in the structure of a cell.
The chemistries involved in the formation of these said isopeptide bonds also tend to all into these two categories. In the case of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin like Proteins, tend to have a structured pathway of continuously passing along the peptide with a series of reactions, using multiple intermediate enzymes to reach the target protein for the conjugation reaction. The structural enzymes while varying from bacterial and eukaryotic domains, tend to be single enzymes that generally in a single step, fuse the two substrates together for a larger repetitive process of linking and inter-linking the said substrates to form and influence large macromolecular structures.
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