Grammar
Each word in the Ido vocabulary is built from a root word. A word consists of a root and a grammatical ending. Other words can be formed from that word by removing the grammatical ending and adding a new one, or by inserting certain affixes between the root and the grammatical ending.
Some of the grammatical endings are defined as follows:
| Grammatical form | Ido | English | Esperanto | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular noun | -o (libro) | book | -o (libro) | ||
| Plural noun | -i (libri) | books | -oj (libroj) | ||
| Adjective | -a (varma) | warm | -a (varma) | ||
| Adverb | -e (varme) | warmly | -e (varme) | ||
| Present tense infinitive | -ar (irar) | to be going | to go | -anti (iranti) | -i (iri) |
| Past tense infinitive | -ir (irir) | to have gone | -inti (irinti) | ||
| Future tense infinitive | -or (iror) | to be going to go | -onti (ironti) | ||
| Present | -as (iras) | go, goes | -as (iras) | ||
| Past | -is (iris) | went | -is (iris) | ||
| Future | -os (iros) | will go | -os (iros) | ||
| Imperative | -ez (irez) | go! | -u (iru) | ||
| Conditional | -us (irus) | would go | -us (irus) | ||
These are the same as in Esperanto except for -i, -ir, -ar, -or and -ez. Esperanto marks noun plurals by an agglutinative ending -j (so plural nouns end in -oj), uses -i for verb infinitives (Esperanto infinitives are tenseless), and uses -u for the imperative. Verbs in Ido do not conjugate depending on person, number or gender; the -as, -is, and -os endings suffice whether the subject is I, you, he, she, they, or anything else.
Read more about this topic: Ido
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