History of Polish - Changes in Grammar - Conjugation - Participles

Participles

  • The present tense active participle has come to be declined in the same way as adjectives. The present tense adverbial participle has also been introduced: gotujący, gotując (cooking).
  • The traces of the present tense passive participle have remained in forms such as świadomy (aware of), rzekoma (alleged).
  • The type I past tense active participle has remained in the form of the past tense adverbial participle: ugotowawszy (having cooked), kopnąwszy (having kicked), obdarłszy (having stripped).
  • The type II past tense active participle has become the base for the construction of the past tense (gotowałem) (I was cooking) and also the future complex tense (będę gotował) (I will be cooking). It is still used with some intransitive verbs (zgniły, zmokły) (rotten, soaked).
  • The past tense passive participle has remained animate: bity (bitten), poznana (met), wiedzione (led).

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