Phonology
Hainanese has a simple five vowel system.
| Vowels |
Front |
Back |
| High |
/i/ |
/u/ |
| Mid-High |
/e/ |
/o/ |
| Mid-Low |
/ɛ/ |
/ɔ/ |
| Low |
|
/a/ |
Hainanese notably has a series of implosive consonants, which it has picked up under influence from surrounding languages, probably Hlai.
| Consonants |
Labial |
Dental |
Alveolo-Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
| Voiced Stop/Implosive |
/ɓ/ |
/ɗ/ |
|
（/ɠ/) |
|
| Voiceless Stop |
/p/ |
/t/ |
|
/k/ |
(/ʔ/) |
| Affricate |
|
/c/ |
|
|
| Voiceless Fricative |
/f/ |
/s/ |
/x/ |
/h/ |
| Voiced Fricative |
/v/ |
/ʑ/ |
|
/ɦ/ |
| Nasal |
/m/ |
/n/ |
|
/ŋ/ |
|
| Liquid |
(/w/) |
/l/ |
(/j/) |
|
|
The phonological system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of Hokkien, but it has had some restructuring. In particular, etymological *anterior plain stops have undergone implosivization (*p >, *t >, etymological *aspirated stops have spirantized (*pʰ >, *tʰ >, *cʰ > *kʰ > ), and etymological *s have hardened into stop (*s > ), and *h > . Additionally, some dialects have, and is allophonic with /j/.
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Southern Min languages
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Quanzhou -
Zhangzhou Min
(Written Hokkien) |
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East Asia
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- Amoy Min
- Quanzhou dialect
- Zhangzhou dialect
- Taiwanese Hokkien
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Southeast Asia
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- Singaporean Hokkien
- Philippine Hokkien
- Penang Hokkien
- Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
- Northern Malaysian Hokkien
- Medan Hokkien
- Riau Hokkien
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| Chaozhou Min |
- Chaozhou Min
- Shantou dialect
- Chaoyang dialect
- Puning dialect
- Hailufeng dialect
- Bangkok Teochew
- Cambodia Teochew
- Riau Teochew
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| Qiongwen |
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| Leizhou Min |
- Leizhou Min
- Zhanjiang dialect
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| >Longyan Min |
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| Zhongshan Min |
- Zhongshan Min
- Longdu dialect
- Nanlang dialect
- Sanxiang dialect
- Zhangjiabian dialect
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