Differences Between Gudang and Urradhi
The main differences in phonology between Gudang and the Urradhi dialects appears to be:
(1) Voiced stops existed where Urradhi has voiced fricatives, in part because of WCL loans, thus Urradhi /β/ (v), /ð/ (dh), and /ɣ/ (g)) correspond to Gudang b, dh and g. Note that in ipadha father, Gudang p corresponds to Urradhi /β/ (ivadha), both representing Proto-Paman *piipa.
(2) Gudang had reflexive rt from Proto Paman *r and *rr
- Proto-Paman *warapa water, stream, Urradhi atava, Gudang artaba
- Proto-Paman *mara hand, Urradhi mata, Gudang arta
- Proto-Paman *yurru elbow, Urradhi yutu (Angkamuthi yurtu), Gudang yurtu
- Proto-Paman *murunya shin, Urradhi mutuny (Angkamuthi murtuny), Gudang urtunya
(3) A slightly higher rate of initial dropping (including initial syllables) was evident in Gudang.
(4) Gudang retained final CV syllables where Urradhi has reduced these to C.
(5) Gudang had word final -rra where Urradhi has -l, and stronger retention of rr and l in the clusters rrk and lk (e.g. see ukarra and ralkagamarra).
(6) Gudang had virtually no trace of the utterance final suppletion very evident in Urradhi (e.g. mata -> matang, matak), the one exception being anhadhing. However, initial and final vowel elision appeared to have been the norm.
(7) There was a strong tendency in Gudang for u to become i before following palatals (and perhaps elsewhere) (e.g. inyaanha, ikuurra).
The statistics of the comparisons are listed below.
| Cognates | Possible Cognates | Non-Cognate | WCL Loans | Possible WCL Loans | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gudang | 76 | 11 | 157 | 41 | 4 | 200 |
| Yadhaykenu | 76 | 10 | 93 | 11 | 2 | 182 |
| Atampaya | 58 | 11 | 116 | 7 | 2 | 191 |
| Angkamuthi | 53 | 11 | 157 | 9 | 2 | 178 |
| Cognates | Possible Cognates | Non-Cognate | WCL Loans | Possible WCL Loans | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gudang | 38% | 5.5% | 78.5% | 20.5% | 2.1% |
| Yadhaykenu | 42.5% | 5.9% | 51.0% | 3.8% | 1% |
| Atampaya | 31.4% | 5.9% | 61.0% | 3.7% | 1% |
| Angkamuthi | 33.8% | 7.0% | 88.0% | 5.0% | 1.0% |
Read more about this topic: Gudang Dialect
Famous quotes containing the word differences:
“What strikes many twin researchers now is not how much identical twins are alike, but rather how different they are, given the same genetic makeup....Multiples don’t walk around in lockstep, talking in unison, thinking identical thoughts. The bond for normal twins, whether they are identical or fraternal, is based on how they, as individuals who are keenly aware of the differences between them, learn to relate to one another.”
—Pamela Patrick Novotny (20th century)