Glossary of Buddhism

Definition	Etymology	In other languages
Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophical school, founded by Nagarjuna. Members of this school are called Madhyamikas	Sanskrit: mādhyamika	Tib: དབུ་མ་པ་ dbu ma pa Mn: төв үзэл, töv üzel 中觀宗, 中観派 Cn: Zhōngguānzōng Jp: Chūganha Vi: Trung quán tông
mahabhuta four great elements in traditional Buddhist thought	Pāli and Sanskrit: Mahābhūta	Bur: မဟာဘုတ် Mahabhot
mahamudra A method of direct introduction the understanding of sunyata, of samsara and that the two are inseparable	Sanskrit: mahāmudrā	Bur: မဟာမုဒြာ maha modra Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ཆེན་པོ་ chag-je chen-po Mn: махамудра, mahamudra 大手印 Cn: dàshŏuyìn Jp: daishuin Vi: đại thủ ấn
mahasiddha litt. great spiritual accomplishment. A yogi in Tantric Buddhism, often associated with the highest levels of enlightenment	Sanskrit: mahāsiddha	Bur: မဟာသိဒ္ဒ maha theidda Thai: มหายาน 大成就 Cn: dàchéngjiù Jp: daijōju Vi: đại thành tựu
Mahayana, lit. "great vehicle", A major branch of Buddhism practiced in China, Tibet, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Main goal is to achieve buddhahood or samyaksambuddha	Sanskrit: mahāyāna	Bur: မဟာယာန mahayana 大乘 or 大乗 Cn: Dàshèng Jp: Daijō Vi: Đại thừa Mn: Ikh khölgön
Maitreya The Buddha of the future epoch	Pāli: Metteyya Sanskrit: Maitreya	Bur: အရိမေတ္တေယျ arimetteya Shan: ဢရီႉမိတ်ႈတေႇယႃႉ Tib: བྱམས་པ, byams pa Mn: Майдар, maidar 彌勒 or 彌勒佛, 弥勒 or 弥勒仏 Cn: Mílè or Mílè Fó Jp: Miroku or Miroku-butsu Vi: Di-lặc or Phật Di-lặc
makyo In Zen, unpleasant or distracting thoughts or illusions that occur during zazen	Japanese: 魔境 makyō
Māna conceit, arrogance, misconception	Pāli and Sanskrit: Māna	Bur: မာန mana Mon: မာန် man Shan: မႃႇၼႃႉ 慢 Jp: man
mantra Chant used primarily to aid concentration, to reach enlightenment. The best-known Buddhist mantra is possibly Om mani padme hum	Sanskrit: mantra	Thai: มนตร์ moan Mn: маань, тарни; maani, tarni 咒, 真言 Cn: zou Jp: shingon, ju Vi: chân âm
Mappo The "degenerate" Latter Day of the Law. A time period supposed to begin 2,000 years after Sakyamuni Buddha's passing and last for "10,000 years"; follows the two 1,000-year periods of Former Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō) and of Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō). During this degenerate age, chaos will prevail and the people will be unable to attain enlightenment through the word of Sakyamuni Buddha. See the Three periods	Japanese: 末法 mappō	末法 Cn: mòfǎ Vi: ??
merit	Pāli: puñña Sanskrit: puṇya	Bur: ကုသိုလ် kutho Mon: ကုသဵု or ပိုန် Shan: ပုင်ႇၺႃႇ or ၵူႉသူဝ်ႇ or ၵူႉသလႃႉ 功徳 Jp: kudoku
metta loving kindness	Pāli: Sanskrit:	Bur: မေတ္တာ myitta Mon: မေတ္တာ Shan: မိတ်ႈတႃႇ or မႅတ်ႈတႃႇ Thai: เมตตา metta 慈 Ch: Cí Jp: ji Vi:
Middle way The practice of avoidance of extreme views and lifestyle choices	Pāli: majjhimāpaṭipadā Sanskrit: madhyamāpratipad	Bur: မဇ္ဇိမပဋိပဒါ myizima badi bada 中道 Ch: zhōngdào Jp: chūdō Vi: trung đạo Mn: дундаж зам мөр, dundaj zam mör
(right) mindfulness The practice whereby a person is intentionally aware of his or her thoughts and actions in the present moment, non-judgmentally. The 7th step of the Noble Eightfold Path		Pāli: (sammā)-sati Sanskrit: (samyag)-smṛti Bur: သတိ thadi Thai: สัมมาสติ samma-sati 正念 Cn: zhèngniàn Jp: shōnen Vi: chính niệm
moksha Liberation	Sanskrit: mokṣa	Pāli: vimutti Bur: ဝိမုတ္တိ wimouti 解脱 Cn: jiětuō Jp: gedatsu Vi: giải thoát
mokugyo A wooden drum carved from one piece, usually in the form of a fish	Japanese: 木魚 mokugyo	木魚 Cn: mùyú Vi: mõ
mondo In Zen, a short dialogue between teacher and student	Japanese: 問答　mondō	問答 Cn: wèndǎ Vi: ??
mudra lit. "seal", A gesture made with hands and fingers in meditation	Sanskrit: mudrā	Bur: မုဒြာ modra Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ phyag rgya Mn: чагжаа, chagjaa 手印 Cn: sohyìn (commonly only yìn) Jp: shuin Vi: ấn

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