Treatment
Initial treatment of bleeding from gastric varices focuses on resuscitation, much as with esophageal varices. This includes administration of fluids, blood products, and antibiotics.
The results from the only two randomized trials comparing band ligation vs cyanocarylate suggests that endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate, known as gastric variceal obliteration or GVO is superior to band ligation in preventing rebleeding rates. Cyanoacrylate, a common component in 'super glue' is often mixed 1:1 with lipiodol to prevent polymerization in the endoscopy delivery optics, and to show on radiographic imaging. GVO is usually performed is specialized therapeutic endoscopy centers. Complications include sepsis, embolization of glue, and obstruction from polymerization in the lumen of the stomach.
Other techniques for refractory bleeding include:
- Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS)
- Balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration techniques (BORTO)
- Gastric variceal ligation, although this modality is falling out of favour
- Intra-gastric balloon tamponade as a bridge to further therapy
- a caveat is that a larger balloon is required to occupy the fundus of the stomach where gastric varices commonly occur
- Liver transplantation
Read more about this topic: Gastric Varices
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—C. John Sommerville (20th century)
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—Margaret Mead (1901–1978)