Changes in Lens That Accompany Galactitol Accumulation and Osmotic Swelling
As cataract formation progresses due to galactitol synthesis and subsequent osmotic swelling, changes occur in the lens epithelial cells. For instance, when rabbit lenses are placed in high-galactose mediums, a nearly 40% reduction in lens amino acid levels is observed, along with significant ATP reduction as well. Researchers theorized that this reduction in amino acid and ATP levels during cataract formation is a result of osmotic swelling. To test this theory, Kinoshita placed rabbit lenses in a high-galactose environment, but inhibited the osmotic swelling by constantly regulating galactose and galactitol concentrations. The results show that amino acid levels remained relatively constant and in some cases even increased.
Thus, from these experiments it would appear that the loss of amino acids in the lens when exposed to galactose is primarily due to the osmotic swelling of the lens brought about by dulcitol retention.
Interestingly, galactosemic patients will also present with amino aciduria and galactitoluria (excessive levels of amino acids and galactitol in the urine).
Osmotic swelling of the lens is also responsible for a reduction in electrolyte concentration during the initial vacuolar stage of galactosemic cataract. The water that is osmotically flowing into the lens fibers is not accompanied by ions such as Na+, K+, and Cl-, and so the electrolyte concentration inside the lens is simply diluted by the influx of water. The net concentration of the individual ions does not change during the initial vacuolar stage however. In Fig. 7, note the decrease in electrolyte concentration due to osmotic swelling during the initial vacuolar stage of galactosemic cataract. But when comparing it to the dry weight of the ions, note that there is no change in individual ion concentration at this stage. However, Kinoshita’s experiments showed a remarkable upswing in electrolyte concentration toward the latter stages of the galactosemic cataract and in the nuclear stage in particular. This observation seems to be explained by the continuous increase in lens permeability due to the osmotic swelling from galactitol accumulation. Cation and anion distribution becomes erratic, with Na+ and Cl- concentrations increasing while K+ concentration decreases as seen in Figures 8 and 9. Researchers have postulated that as the cataractous lens loses its ability to maintain homeostasis, electrolyte concentration eventually increases within the lens, which further encourages osmotic movement of water into the lens fibers, increasing lens permeability even more so. This damaging cycle may play a pivotal role in accelerating the rupture of lens fibers during the most advanced, nuclear stage of the galactosemic cataract.
Read more about this topic: Galactosemic Cataract
Famous quotes containing the words accompany, accumulation, osmotic and/or swelling:
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—Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl Chesterfield (1694–1773)
“You watched and you saw what happened and in the accumulation of episodes you saw the pattern: Daddy ruled the roost, called the shots, made the money, made the decisions, so you signed up on his side, and fifteen years later when the women’s movement came along with its incendiary manifestos telling you to avoid marriage and motherhood, it was as if somebody put a match to a pile of dry kindling.”
—Anne Taylor Fleming (20th century)
“Life begins at six—at least in the minds of six-year-olds. . . . In kindergarten you are the baby. In first grade you put down the baby. . . . Every first grader knows in some osmotic way that this is real life. . . . First grade is the first step on the way to a place in the grown-up world.”
—Stella Chess (20th century)
“The Concord had rarely been a river, or rivus, but barely fluvius, or between fluvius and lacus. This Merrimack was neither rivus nor fluvius nor lacus, but rather amnis here, a gently swelling and stately rolling flood approaching the sea. We could even sympathize with its buoyant tied, going to seek its fortune in the ocean, and anticipating the time when “being received within the plain of its freer water,” it should “beat the shore for banks.””
—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)