Direct Fire Exceptions To Usual Mission of Artillery Indirect Fire
Artillery gunners are taught how to use direct fire to engage a target such as mounted or dismounted troops attacking them. In such a case, however, the artillery crews are able to see what they are shooting at. With indirect fire, in normal artillery missions, the crews manning the guns cannot see their target directly, or observers are doing that work for them. There have been exceptions to this situation, but even when US Marines assaulted Iwo Jima during World War Two, and gunners could see the impact of their rounds on Mt. Suribachi, the actual adjustment of their fires was accomplished by forward observers directly supporting and attached to infantry units, because they were in the position to see not only the enemy but to prevent friendly fire incidents and to coordinate shelling the Japanese with their infantry unit's movements.
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—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)