Mechanism
In humans, LPS binds to the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) in the serum, which transfers it to CD14 on the cell membrane, which in turn transfers it to another non-anchored protein, MD2, which associates with the homodimeric Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4).
CD14 and TLR4 are present in several immune system cells (including macrophages and dendritic cells), triggering the signaling cascade for macrophage/endothelial cells to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide that lead to "endotoxic shock".
Further components of the gram-negative cell wall may also activate other pathways, which may contribute to the overall endotoxic effect.
Read more about this topic: Endotoxin
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