Emma Groves - Campaign To Ban Plastic Bullets

Campaign To Ban Plastic Bullets

Emma Groves campaigned for thirty years for the banning of plastic bullets. Groves and Clara Reilly founded the United Campaign Against Plastic Bullets after the killing of John Downes in August 1984. The aim of the organisation was to bring together the families bereaved or injured by rubber and plastic bullets. They also compiled information on the statistics relating to usage of plastic bullets in Northern Ireland.

In 1976, rubber bullets were replaced by plastic bullets. Up until that time they had caused the death of one person and the wounding of a further seventy. The new bullets were solid PVC cylinders, 4 inches long and 1.5 inches in diameter. Their weight was nearly 5 ounces and they were fired at up to 170 miles per hour.

They were presented as a more secure and less dangerous means of crowd control, despite that their use was prohibited in Great Britain as they were deemed ‘a danger to the civilian population’. Despite this, Groves said they were used "unsparingly in Northern Ireland."

In 1981, during the hunger strikes, large numbers of people took to the streets to show their solidarity with the prisoners. The greatest number of plastic bullets fired was between May and August 1981, the same period in which Bobby Sands and the other nine prisoners died on hunger strike.

It was during those years, that the vast majority of fatalities of plastic bullets were children between the ages of ten and fifteen. In October 1976 Brian Stewart, 13 years old, was killed in Belfast by a plastic bullet. He was shot in the face by a British soldier. Paul Whitters, aged 15, from Derry, died in April 1981 as the result of a bullet to the head fired by an RUC policeman. Again in Belfast, 12 year-old Carol Ann Kelly was fatally shot on her way home after buying milk, in May 1981.

It was at this point that Groves decided to do something and to have those "deadly bullets banned". In 1982, she learned that the bullets were manufactured by an American company. So she went to the US along with her daughter and an 18-year-old youth from Derry who had "lost an eye and had his face disfigured". She managed to arrange a meeting in New York with the manager of the company who manufactured them. After their talk she said "the company stopped producing the bullets."

In April 1982, another boy (Stephen McConomy, aged eleven) died as a result of shot to the head fired by a British soldier. Commenting on this, Groves said, "When you start killing the children, you inflict the deepest wound of all on a country." In 1982, at the request of the government in Dublin, the European Parliament banned plastic bullets throughout the European Union. However, the British government ignored the ban.

With other members of the United Campaign she spoke of her experience at public meetings throughout Ireland. They then decided to take their campaign abroad. They were invited to Holland, Belgium, Norway, Italy, Sweden and Germany. Groves herself went to the US on two occasions.

The Campaign then discovered that a Scottish factory, the Bronx Fireworks Company, was manufacturing plastic bullets, and for four years a group from the United Campaign went over to Scotland to picket the factory gates. Later the factory stopped making the bullets. There were, according to Groves, at the time still a number of factories producing the bullets but "the British authorities keep their names secret". The Campaign then began focusing its efforts on a London-based company, Astra Holdings, who it hoped would stop manufacturing the bullets.

John Downes was shot dead during a street disturbance. Groves, in an interview with Silvia Calamati recorded in Belfast in August 1990, said,

After John Downes, two more youths were killed by plastic bullets: Keith White, a 22 year-old from Portadown (1986) and Seamus Duffy, aged 15, from Belfast (1989). She concluded her interview by saying, "The victims of plastic bullets are always offered large sums of money as compensation. I have always refused this money as have other family members of the victims. We do not want money. What we do want is justice."

Emma Groves died April 2, 2007.