Electromagnetic Wave Equation - Covariant Form of The Homogeneous Wave Equation

Covariant Form of The Homogeneous Wave Equation

These relativistic equations can be written in contravariant form as

where the electromagnetic four-potential is

with the Lorenz gauge condition:

where

is the d'Alembertian operator. (The square box is not a typographical error; it is the correct symbol for this operator.)

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