Dutch Orthography - Basic Graphemes

Basic Graphemes

See also: Dutch alphabet

Dutch uses the following letters and letter combinations. Note that for simplicity, dialectal variation and subphonemic distinctions are not always indicated. See Dutch phonology for more information.

Consonants
spelling IPA
normally final
b /b/ /p/
ch /x/, /ʃ/, /k/ /x/
d /d/ /t/
f /f/
g /ɣ/ /x/
h /ɦ/ –
j /j/ –
k /k/
l /l/
m /m/
n /n/
ng – /ŋ/
p /p/
ph /f/
qu /kʋ/ –
r /r/
s /s/, /z/
sch /sx/ /s/
sj /sʲ/ or /ʃ/
t /t/, /(t)s/ /t/
tj /tʲ/ or /tʃ/ –
tsj /tʃ/ –
v /v/ /f/
w /ʋ/
x /ks/, /ɡz/ /ks/
y /j/ –
z /z/ /s/
Vowels and diphthongs
spelling IPA
checked free
a /ɑ/ /aː/
aa /aː/ –
aai /aːj/
ae /aː/, /eː/
ai /ɑi/
au(w) /ʌu/
e /ɛ/, /ə/ /eː/, /ə/
ee /eː/
eeuw /eːw/
ei /ɛi/
eu /øː/
i /ɪ/, /ə/ /i/
ie /i/
ieuw /iw/
ij /ɛi/, /ə/
o /ɔ/ /oː/
oe /u/
oei /uj/
oi /ɔi/, sometimes /oː/
oo /oː/ –
ooi /oːj/
ou(w) /ʌu/
u /ʏ/ /y/
ui /œy/
uu /y/ –
uw /yw/
y /i/, /ɪ/, /ɛi/

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