History
Elias Stein (1748–1812), an Alsatian who settled in The Hague, recommended the defence as the best reply to 1.d4 in his 1789 book Nouvel essai sur le jeu des échecs, avec des réflexions militaires relatives à ce jeu.
Siegbert Tarrasch rejected the opening as unsound in his 1931 work The Game of Chess, arguing that White should reply with the Staunton Gambit, with White being better after 2.e4 fxe4 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 c6 5. f3! exf3.
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“The history of persecution is a history of endeavors to cheat nature, to make water run up hill, to twist a rope of sand.”
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