Description
Early simulations modelled the transmission system with banks of analog computers linked by scaled-down representations of the interconnecting lines. The operator would simulate the operation of circuit breakers by physically operating their miniature replicas. As transmission systems grew in size and complexity, they could no longer be adequately represented in this manner, and computerised simulations came to the fore.
A modern DTS combines or simulates the following elements:
- An energy management system (EMS): a computer system for controlling a power grid. The EMS enables remote operation of electrical equipment, such as circuit breakers or transformers. It also receives information transmitted back to an electricity control centre, such as the status of equipment or notification of alarms. The user interface typically displays the state of the transmission system on computerised one-line diagrams with controllable points for simulated operation of plant such as circuit breakers or transformer tap-changers.
- A SCADA (Supervisory control and data acquisition) system, which provides collection and assimilation of data from substations and transmits operator instructions back to the same plant.
- A load-flow study to calculate power flows and voltages on the transmission system and to model its responses to disturbances such as line trips, relay action, and generator-demand mismatch. The model will normally extend to the limits of the system operator's region of interest, and include representations of plant such as lines, generators, transformers, circuit breakers and capacitors. Optionally the (sub)transient behaviour of the system can also be modelled.
- The system may additionally provide facilities for modelling and optimising the economic dispatch of generating units. Any generation's dynamic characteristics and limits, in particular its voltage regulation, maximum generation, and rate of change of output are usually incorporated.
Read more about this topic: Dispatcher Training Simulator
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